AP Euro Chapter 13: Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600

Reformations

Series of religious wars beginning in the early sixteenth century and ending in the mid seventeenth century between Christians.

Clerical/Church Abuses

Things the Catholic Church did that exploited believers/and or members

—>simony

The buying and selling of church positions

S: it meant that wealthy people could buy Church positions

—>pluralism

When a church official holds more than one position in the Church

—>nepotism

Appointing of position of power in the Church to a family member or a close friend with out qualifications.

—>absenteeism

When someone is appointed a position in the Church but never show up

S: a result of pluralism

—>clerical ignorance

When clergy don't speak or read the language of the Bible (Latin)—they don't understand it

S: a result of simony and nepotism

—>sale of indulgences

The sale of certificates of pardon to people to recognize they did a good deed: if one had enough thekr soul goes to heaven and if they, don't family members would have to chip in and donate their indulgences so ones soul does not stay in purgatory.

S: sold by Pope Leo X used to fund the construction of St. Peters Basilica; people were essentially paying for a pathway to heaven which went against how in the Bible it says all you need is faith to get into heaven (thus, the reintroduction of the sale of indulgences sparked the Protestant Reformation)

Purgatory

Where the soul goes until ones sins are forgiven

Ex: Joan of Arc spent 500 years there

Sacrements

Things people do to demonstrate their faith

Ex: holy communions, marriage vows, baptism, praying for the sick

Transubstantiation

The symbolic transfer of the body and blood of Christ into one’s body.

Predestination

Idea that God chose who will go to heaven before a person is born

S: goes with the religion of Calvinism and argues that people don't have to perform sacrements.

Politique

A secular ruler who is willing to sacrifice their own beliefs for the benefit of their country/nation

Ex: Elizabeth the 1st of England and Henry the Fourth of France

Anticlericalism

When one goes against the Church and their authority.

Holy Office

Position of the Pope/ Where the pope makes policies and decisions for the Church.

Heresy

Crimes against God (prescribed by the Church)

S: People who commit heresy are labeled as heretics

Witch hunts

The search for heretics

S: (it was usually women) people needed scapegoats during the religious wars so single women were blamed the most because they “didn't have a man to guide them”

Protestant Groups

Groups that are an extension of the Catholic Church that established various branches of Christianity throughout Europe

S: protested against the Catholic Church’s abused and demanded reform

—> Lutheran

Protestant Group founded by Martin Luther that believed salvation came from faith alone (not from good works or deeds) and believed everyone should be able to read the Bible for themselves.

S: one of the first Protestant groups

—>calvinist

Protestant Group founded by Ulrich Zwingli that believed in predestination and a theocracy (the ruler of a nation should be both secular and religious)

S: Ulrich Zwingli came up with the concept of predestination but it was John Calvin who popularized it.

—•»prebysterians

Branch of Calvinism located in Scotland

—•»huguenots

Branch of Calvinism in France

—•»puritans

Branch of Calvinism in England that wanted to purify the Anglican Church

—>Church of England (Anglican Church)

Theocracy established in England when Henry the 8th wanted a divorce so he converted England to Protestantism

S: Starts the English Reformation and creates a theocracy in England where Henry the 8th is the head of state and Church (but still embraced sacrements)

—>Dutch Reformed Church

Calvinists that were considered the missionaries of trade

S: established the first system of banking and were successful because they were not interested in converting people only in revenue.

Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians

Marginalized Protestant groups that fled to the Americas for religious and economic freedom.

Gallican Church

French Catholic Church

Hapsburg Dynasty of HRE/Austria/Spain

Traditional secular rulers from Switzerland for the HRE and occupy both Spain and Austria

S: Through marriage and conquest, they become one of the most powerful families in European History (and they used to be a small noble family)

Valois of France

Powerful dynastic family in France

S:Establishes France to become a new monarch which allows France to become a dominant power and powerful country after the Hundred Years’ War

—> Francis I (Valois)(Hapsburg Valois War began)

One of the first Valois to solidify divine right authority

S: led the war in Italy (which he lost to Spain) and solidified power after the Hundred Years’ War.

—>Henry II d. 1559

Son of Francis I

S: married Catherine de Medici and died after having three sons

—•»Catherine de Medici (Valois)—three sons

Reagant for her three sons

S: organized the Bartholomew's massacre, gets France involved in a civil war (Catholics vs Protestants), becomes one of the most powerful women in Europe, and had all three sons killed in battle.

—> Francis II-d 1560, —>Charles IX-d 1574, —> Henry I II-d 1589

All three sons of Henry II and Catherine de Medici that each (in order) became king of France and die fighting for their legacy in the battle caused by Catherine de Medici.

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty established by Henry the Fourth

S: Becomes the most powerful dynasty in all of France

—>Henry IV(fourth)

French calvinist that establishes the Bourbon Dynasty after the religious war

S:establishes a strong foundation for absolutism in Europe and married Margret Valois and converts to Catholicism to unity France and issues the Edict of Nate's in 1598 to allow huguenots to worship in France freely to bring unity to his country: sacrificed his beliefs for the benefit of his nation as France was a Catholic nation and he was not: making him a Politique

Pope Leo X(tenth)

Medici pope that authorized the sale of indulgences to fund the construction of Saint Peters Basilica

S: sparked Martin Luther to write the Ninety Five Theses → starting the Protestant Reformation and he condemned Martin Luther as a heretic.

Johann Tetzel

The monk responsible for organizing the fundraiser for the construction of the Saint Peters Basilica

S: he's the one that came up with the idea to sell indulgences as a way to make money to build the church

Martin Luther

German monk and theologian

S: condemned the Church’s abused and wrote 95 things wrong with the Catholic Church and posted them on the Church door (write the Ninety-Five Theses)

Diet of Worms

German imperial council brought together to condemn Martin Luther

S: ordered his arrest and charges him with heresy

League of Schmalkalden

Trade union of German states that come together for economic prosperity and also act as a military defense

S: organized a defense just in case they would be attacked by the HRE Emperor (The Hapsburgs) and protected Martin Luther to weaken the Hapsburgs.

Ulrich Zwingli Zurich