AP Euro Chapter 13: Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600

Reformations

Series of religious wars beginning in the early sixteenth century and ending in the mid seventeenth century between Christians.

Clerical/Church Abuses

Things the Catholic Church did that exploited believers/and or members

—>simony

The buying and selling of church positions

S: it meant that wealthy people could buy Church positions

—>pluralism

When a church official holds more than one position in the Church

—>nepotism

Appointing of position of power in the Church to a family member or a close friend with out qualifications.

—>absenteeism

When someone is appointed a position in the Church but never show up

S: a result of pluralism

—>clerical ignorance

When clergy don't speak or read the language of the Bible (Latin)—they don't understand it

S: a result of simony and nepotism

—>sale of indulgences

The sale of certificates of pardon to people to recognize they did a good deed: if one had enough thekr soul goes to heaven and if they, don't family members would have to chip in and donate their indulgences so ones soul does not stay in purgatory.

S: sold by Pope Leo X used to fund the construction of St. Peters Basilica; people were essentially paying for a pathway to heaven which went against how in the Bible it says all you need is faith to get into heaven (thus, the reintroduction of the sale of indulgences sparked the Protestant Reformation)

Purgatory

Where the soul goes until ones sins are forgiven

Ex: Joan of Arc spent 500 years there

Sacrements

Things people do to demonstrate their faith

Ex: holy communions, marriage vows, baptism, praying for the sick

Transubstantiation

The symbolic transfer of the body and blood of Christ into one’s body.

Predestination

Idea that God chose who will go to heaven before a person is born

S: goes with the religion of Calvinism and argues that people don't have to perform sacrements.

Politique

A secular ruler who is willing to sacrifice their own beliefs for the benefit of their country/nation

Ex: Elizabeth the 1st of England and Henry the Fourth of France

Anticlericalism

When one goes against the Church and their authority.

Holy Office

Position of the Pope/ Where the pope makes policies and decisions for the Church.

Heresy

Crimes against God (prescribed by the Church)

S: People who commit heresy are labeled as heretics

Witch hunts

The search for heretics

S: (it was usually women) people needed scapegoats during the religious wars so single women were blamed the most because they “didn't have a man to guide them”

Protestant Groups

Groups that are an extension of the Catholic Church that established various branches of Christianity throughout Europe

S: protested against the Catholic Church’s abused and demanded reform

—> Lutheran

Protestant Group founded by Martin Luther that believed salvation came from faith alone (not from good works or deeds) and believed everyone should be able to read the Bible for themselves.

S: one of the first Protestant groups

—>calvinist

Protestant Group founded by Ulrich Zwingli that believed in predestination and a theocracy (the ruler of a nation should be both secular and religious)

S: Ulrich Zwingli came up with the concept of predestination but it was John Calvin who popularized it.

—•»prebysterians

Branch of Calvinism located in Scotland

—•»huguenots

Branch of Calvinism in France

—•»puritans

Branch of Calvinism in England that wanted to purify the Anglican Church

—>Church of England (Anglican Church)

Theocracy established in England when Henry the 8th wanted a divorce so he converted England to Protestantism

S: Starts the English Reformation and creates a theocracy in England where Henry the 8th is the head of state and Church (but still embraced sacrements)

—>Dutch Reformed Church

Calvinists that were considered the missionaries of trade

S: established the first system of banking and were successful because they were not interested in converting people only in revenue.

Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians

Marginalized Protestant groups that fled to the Americas for religious and economic freedom.

Gallican Church

French Catholic Church

Hapsburg Dynasty of HRE/Austria/Spain

Traditional secular rulers from Switzerland for the HRE and occupy both Spain and Austria

S: Through marriage and conquest, they become one of the most powerful families in European History (and they used to be a small noble family)

Valois of France

Powerful dynastic family in France

S:Establishes France to become a new monarch which allows France to become a dominant power and powerful country after the Hundred Years’ War

—> Francis I (Valois)(Hapsburg Valois War began)

One of the first Valois to solidify divine right authority

S: led the war in Italy (which he lost to Spain) and solidified power after the Hundred Years’ War.

—>Henry II d. 1559

Son of Francis I

S: married Catherine de Medici and died after having three sons

—•»Catherine de Medici (Valois)—three sons

Reagant for her three sons

S: organized the Bartholomew's massacre, gets France involved in a civil war (Catholics vs Protestants), becomes one of the most powerful women in Europe, and had all three sons killed in battle.

—> Francis II-d 1560, —>Charles IX-d 1574, —> Henry I II-d 1589

All three sons of Henry II and Catherine de Medici that each (in order) became king of France and die fighting for their legacy in the battle caused by Catherine de Medici.

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty established by Henry the Fourth

S: Becomes the most powerful dynasty in all of France

—>Henry IV(fourth)

French calvinist that establishes the Bourbon Dynasty after the religious war

S:establishes a strong foundation for absolutism in Europe and married Margret Valois and converts to Catholicism to unity France and issues the Edict of Nate's in 1598 to allow huguenots to worship in France freely to bring unity to his country: sacrificed his beliefs for the benefit of his nation as France was a Catholic nation and he was not: making him a Politique

Pope Leo X(tenth)

Medici pope that authorized the sale of indulgences to fund the construction of Saint Peters Basilica

S: sparked Martin Luther to write the Ninety Five Theses → starting the Protestant Reformation and he condemned Martin Luther as a heretic.

Johann Tetzel

The monk responsible for organizing the fundraiser for the construction of the Saint Peters Basilica

S: he's the one that came up with the idea to sell indulgences as a way to make money to build the church

Martin Luther

German monk and theologian

S: condemned the Church’s abused and wrote 95 things wrong with the Catholic Church and posted them on the Church door (write the Ninety-Five Theses)

Diet of Worms

German imperial council brought together to condemn Martin Luther

S: ordered his arrest and charges him with heresy

League of Schmalkalden

Trade union of German states that come together for economic prosperity and also act as a military defense

S: organized a defense just in case they would be attacked by the HRE Emperor (The Hapsburgs) and protected Martin Luther to weaken the Hapsburgs.

Ulrich Zwingli Zurich

Theologian from Switzerland

S: came up with the concept of predestination

John Calvin

French theologian that criticized the French government and Gallican (French) Church and was exiled to Switzerland where he spread the concept of predestination.

S: he popularized the idea of predestination: creating the branch of Protestantism known as Calvinism (named after him)

Pope Paul III

Powerful Italian pope that organized religious scholars and theologians to come up with rules and policies for Catholicism

S: Organized the Counter-Reformation in attempts to combat Protestantism and ordered the Council of Trent to meet

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

A religious group who spread Catholic doctrine as their goal was to spread Catholicism and combat Protestantism

S: Spread and contributed to the increase in education (they established schools and universities to spread Catholicism). They also used violence and had zero tolerance for Protestants.

Ignatius de Loyola

Catholic theologian deemed the warrior for Christ

S: founder of the Jesuits and his goal was to spread Catholicism to combat Protestantism

Switzerland

European country that influenced the movement of the Protestant

S: considered the 2nd most important area (1st was Germany) for Protestantism (it was the birthplace of Calvinism)

Ninety-Five-Thesis

95 statements written by Martin Luther criticizing the Catholic Church

S: acted as the catalyst for the religious wars/reformations as people became aware of the Church wrongs and abuses.

German Wars of Religion—1530s-1555

Wars fought in Germany between Catholics and Protestants

S: keeps Germany from unifying for at least 300 more years and physically destroys German land, economy, and way of life. The wars end with the Peace of Augsburg.

Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation

The religious movement that started when Pope Paul the third calls for the council of Trent: an attempt of the Catholic Church to present the spread of Protestantism and waas facilitated by influential piles and religious orders such as the Jesuits.

S: results included the spread of education as knowledge was expanding through the ideas (like through the Jesuits schools), an increase in intolerance ( Catholic reformers were not willing to compromise for Protestants), made some changing in the church but Latin Vulgate (until the 20th century) and the sale of indulgences is stopped but indulgences are still necessary to get into heaven, and the creation of the index of lihhibited books.

Council of Trent 1545-1563

Religious council in Italy organized by Pope Paul the Third during the Catholic Reformation that met in and off for the next hundred years outlining the rules and policies acceptable for the Catholic Church.

S: Their meeting began the Counter Reformation, had zero tolerance for Protestants, and allowed for the rise in education and decrease in tolerance.

Peace of Augsburg—1555

Treaty in Germany that ends the religious wars that recognizes Lutheranism as a recognized official religion: Only Lutheranism and Catholicism were stated to be the official religions in Germany and that each German prince could choose the religion of their state.

S(Effects): Most Protestant German States (The North, which were liberal and relied on trade) chose Protestantism whilst the South (who were conservative and agricultural) chose Catholicism→ making Germany not unify for another 300 years as it further divides them and weakens the Hapsburgs and the Catholic Church.

French Wars of Religion—1562-1598

Wars in France between Catholics and Huguenots started because Huguenots didn't recognize the power of the secular ruler of France (they believe in a theocracy): Catholics went against Huguenots for the French throne.

S: Ends with the Edict of Nantes and saw the demise of the Valois Dynasty and the rise of the Bourbons

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre —1572

The execution and slaughtering of Huguenot worshippers in their church

S: organized by Catherine de Medici to protect the French throne and the Valois Dynasty.

Spanish Armada-1588

Conflict between England and Spain over religion and territorial disputes

S: becomes one of the most notable military disasters in European History and allowed for England to build up their navy; leading to England becomong a dominant world power and Spain losing their place and power. It showed the resiliency of the Protestant nation again Catholicism and the power of the Hapsburgs shifts to Austria.

Edict of Nantes—1598

Edict issued by Henry the Eighth that allows for Huguenots to worship freely in France

S: Signed to unify France, although, Huguenots were given designated areas to worship, it was made clear that Catholicism was the official religion of France.