Structures of glucose, fructose, and etc pg. 127 of biochemistry

acetate

CH3COO-

or

C2H3O2-

acetic acid

CH3COOH, weak acid

glucose- linear structure

fructose- linear structure

galactose- linear structure

glucose- ring form

fructose- ring form

galactose- ring form

glucose - notes

main source of fuel for an organism

fructose - notes

-produced by plants/fruits

-commonly used as a sweetener (high fructose corn syrup, a food additive)

-present in many food sources

-metabolized by the liver

galactose - notes

-found in dairy products and sugar beets

-can be rapidly converted to glucose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

table sugar

Glu(alpha 1 --> beta 2)Fru

Lactose

glucose + galactose

-lactose TOLERANCE depends on continued expression of LACTASE

Gal(beta 1 --> beta 4)Glu

Maltose

glucose + glucose

-found in beer, cereal, pasta, and potatoes

-produced by breakdown of starch

Glu(alpha 1 --> alpha 4)Glu

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

ex. amylose, amylopectin, starch, glycogen, cellulose

order in terms of least branched to heavily branched?

glycogen, amylose, amylopectin

amylose < amylopectin < glycogen

Amylose

linear chains of glucose linked by alpha (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds

A component of starch (20-30%)

less easily digested than amylopectin

Amylopectin

linear chains of glucose linked by alpha (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds PLUS BRANCHING due to alpha (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds EVERY 24-30 UNITS

The other component of starch (70-80%)

broken down more easily than amylose because of branching

Starch

20-30% of amylose, 70-80% of amylopectin

major energy store produced by most green plants

most common form of carbs in most diets

Glycogen

Linear chains of glucose linked by alpha (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds PLUS BRANCHING due to alpha (1 -> 6) glycosidic bonds EVERY 8-12 UNITS

-much more branching than amylopectin

-synthesized in the liver and STORED in liver cells and muscle cells

Cellulose

Linear chains of glucose linked by BETA (1 -> 4) glycosidic bonds

-produced by many plants

-NOT DIGESTIBLE by humans; often referred to to as dietary fiber

-excreted by POOP