finals psych-10

what is psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

three major regions of brain

fore brain
mid brain
hindbrain

what part of the brain is responsible for coordination and is important for processing procedural memory

the cerebellum

what is the reticulated formation

regulates sleep

Sensation

the physical process of environment stimuli by the sense of organ(smell, light)

what is the thalamus main function

relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.

Perception

the psychological process of interpreting sensory information

what is the hypothalamus function

responsible for fighting, fucking, fleeing and feeding

Different threshold/just noticeable difference

determines the minimum a perceptible change in stimuli.50% of the time

change in the radio's volume

example of different threshold

what is the function of the amygdala

processes emotions

what is the hippocampus responsible for

creating new memories

what is broca's area

language production

what is broca amphasia

damage of broca

what is wernicke's area

speech comprehension

what is absolute threshold

It is the lowest level of intensity of a stimulus that a person can DETECT 50 percent of the time

example of absolute threshold

A candle flame 30 miles away. Hearing - A watch ticking 20 feet away. Smell - A drop of perfume in a 6-room house.

top down processing

when prior knowledge affects your perception, the expectations people bring to the perceptual situation, and their attention to specific stimuli.

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top down processing

is recognizing your friend crying an example of bottom up processing

No

what is bottom up processing

learning information for the first time

signal detection theory

response to a stimuli depending on a persons sensitivity and decision criteria

Bobby was in a in a noisy room but he couldn't hear the noise because he was very concentrated on playing his video game is an example of

selective attention

inattentional blindness

failure to perceive things that aren't the focus of your attention

retinal disparities

each eye seeing different things based on the perspective

One student, Mike, says that the way to define water is to break it into its basic components; he defines it as two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. His classmate, Susan, disagrees with him, and says that the best way to define water is to look at its purpose. She describes it as a liquid without taste or color that serves as the main component of lakes, rivers, oceans, and streams, as well as the fluids in most living organisms, including human beings.

Mike's definition is closely aligned with that of structuralism, while Susan's definition demonstrates the principles of functionalism.

behaviorism

idea that behavior is learned through conditioning and interactions with environment

Teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week and takes away certain privileges when the students misbehave

behaviorism

psychoanalytic

explains human behavior in terms of interactions with components of personality

what is generality

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher and lower pitch.

example of generality

_____were famous for using introspection to
break down sensations into their component
parts.
A)Functionalists
B)Behaviorists
C)Structuralists
D)Cognitive psychologists
E)Cross-Cultural psychologists

C)Structuralists

The largest lobes in the human brain and they are also the most common region of injury in traumatic brain injury. Is important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

frontal lobe

the degree to which a functional relationship obtained in one situation is able to predict the obtained relationship in a new situation

what is generality

imagine that he or she is a fire engine and makes siren noises while pushing a block that represents a speeding engine.

example of symbolism

vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is home to the brain's primary somatic sensory cortex, a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body

parietal lobe

most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

temporal lobe

it at the back of the head and are responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

occipital lobe

how do neurons send and recieve messages

Sensory stimuli are converted to electrical signals. Action potentials are electrical signals carried along neurons.
electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon into the synapse
2 parts to the process:
̈Action potential = all-or-none
̈Transmission across the synapse = graded

unconditioned stimulus

a stimuli that leads to an automatic response

The smell of a favorite food, which immediately makes you feel hungry.

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimuli

A feather tickling your nose, which causes you to sneeze.

you witness a terrible car accident, you might develop a fear of driving

conditioned response

long term memory

Memory that is held overtime without having to rehearse it

explicit memory

knowing what it is, expressed verbally, consciously aware , a.k.a declarative

displacement

a defense mechanism that involves an individual transferring negative feelings from one person or thing to another.

a person who is angry at their boss may “take out” their anger on a family member by shouting at them

example of displacement

implicit memory

knowing how, expressed behaviorally, awareness not necessary, non declarative

Remembering the dates of various events for a history exam

explicit memory

riding a bike

implicit memory

knowing factual information without having personal experience with said topic

semantic memory

Knowing the Kenya is a country in Africa

semantic memory

episodic memory

specific time and place, had to be personally experienced, prospective memory

procedural memory

how to tie your shoe

priming

exposure to a stimuli and how it affects your behavior

retrograde

can't remember past events

anterograde

can't remember new events

I just changed my computer password. Now,
every time I login I type my old password and I
have trouble remembering my new password
This is an example of?
̈A) proactive interference
̈B) retroactive interference
̈C) absent mindedness
̈D) blocking

proactive interference

availability bias

Excessive coverage on the news or social media about plane crashes

framing effect

changing a way an issue is presented can change the way you view something

Selena understands that objects continue to
exist when they are no longer visible, however
she has difficulty describing a series of
mountains from the experimenter’s point of view.
Selena is in the _____ stage.
̈A) Concrete operational
̈B) Formal Operational
̈C) Sensorimotor
̈D) Pre-operational

D) Pre-operational

Solomon Asch Experiment:
Conformity

Participants were asked to say out loud which
of 3 lines matched the line on the left

what is encoding

transforming what we think into our memory

sensory memory

the storage of information that we receive from our senses

explicit memory

knowing what it is, expressed verbally(recollection of facts and events)

long term memory

memory held overtime without having to rehearse it

Knowing how to use scissors. is this an example of semantic or episodic memory is this an example of episodic or semantic memory

semantic memory

Remembering the capital of France

semantic memory

where you parked your car this morning is this episodic or semantic memory

episodic memory

what is semantic memory

recall of general facts

what is episodic memory

recall of personal information

procedural memory

information about skills you have without thinking

Priming

exposed to a stimulus and it affects your behavior

is brushing your teeth an example of priming or procedural memory

procedural

a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench, they might begin looking for or thinking about candy the next time they see a bench.
is this an example of priming or procedural memory

priming

Mary forgot whether she owned a car or not , what type it is, and when she bought it — but she still know how to drive.
what form of amnesia is this

retrograde amnesia

Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

antrograde amnesia

what form of amnesia is this

anterograde amnesia

plane crashes can make people afraid of flying
what example of what bias

availability

Sammantha sees two cans of yogurt and the the first one was high in calories but the second one had less calories. She picked the second one
this is an example of
1. availabilty bias
2. loss aversion
3. achoring effect
4. framing effect

framing effect

what is loss aversion

people want to avoid a loss more than they would want to avoid a gain

anchoring effect

bias of relying on the first piece of information offered(the anchor) when making a decision

Nevaeh thought her boyfriend was cheating so she tried to look through his phone for proof this is an example of...
1. anchoring effect
2. availability bias
3. confirmation bias
4. loss aversion

confirmation bias

phonemes

the smallest unit of sound

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning

Trying to remember your old address, but you've recently just committed your new address to memory so you can't remember your previous one

You can't remember your new phone number because your old one is interfering with your ability to learn the new one
is an example of proactive or retroactive interference

proactive

Infants prefer to see/hear stimuli they have heard/ saw before is an example of familiarization or habituation

familiarization

if it's too familiar then they want to see something new is an example habituation or familiarization

habituation

IN the High amplitude sucking procedure experiment babies were sucking on the pacifier to measure the rate of sucking the baby does based on certain stimuli by playing dutch then Spanish
what is the dependent variable and what is the independent variable

Dependent is sucking on pacifier
Independent: playing dutch then Spanish language

perceptual nativeing

At 3 months old babies show preference for people that are their same race is an example of

Piaget theory of cognitive development

children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.

limiations of piaget theory

methods are too complex

what is a schema

organized unit of knowledge kids use to understand information

what is assimilation

new experiences are readily incorporated into child's existing theory

thinking a butterfly is a bird because they have similar features but after experiences they adjust their is an example of
1. assimulation
2. accomodation
3. schema

accomodation

thinking a butterfly is a bird because they have similar features but after experiences they adjust their is an example of
1. assimulation
2. accommodation
3. schema

accomodation (theories are modified based on experiences)

sensorimotor

0-2 years old

Pre operational

2-7 years old Mentally represent objects and think symbolically