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3.1: Society and Religion - What was the social and religious background of the Reformation?
Social - Since they sought social betterment, Protestants formed alliances with anyone who felt oppressed by any group of people.
Religious - The church faced criticism for the selling of indulgences
3.2: Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525 - Why did Martin Luther challenge the church?
Martin Luther believed that the righteousness that God’s demands comes from belief and trust in God and disagreed with the church’s statement that salvation depended on divine mercy and human good works. Luther also opposed the selling of indulgences which is why he challenged the church.
3.3: The Reformation Elsewhere - Where did other reform movements develop, and how were they different from Luther’s?
Switzerland - Zwingli was the leader of the reformation who believed that christ was spiritually not bodily while Luther believed Christ’s human nature shared properties of his divine nature .
The Netherlands, France, and Scotland - They spread calvinism, they emphasised the absolute sovereignty of God.
3.4: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation - What were the political ramifications of the Reformation?
At the Peace of Augsburg, Charles V granted religious freedom to the Lutherans and gave the ruler of a certain region to determine its religion.
3.5: The English Reformation to 1553 - How did royal dynastic concerns shape the Reformation in England?
Royal dynastic concerns began in England when King Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine were unable to produce a male heir. Henry was declared as the supreme authority in English spiritual affairs so that he could allow his remarriage since Pope Clement VII did not approve of Henry's divorce from Catherine. He married six wives in order to have a male heir since he did not want one of his daughters to succeed him as monarch.
3.6: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation - What was the Counter- Reformation, and how successful was it?
The Counter- Reformation was the Catholic church’s attempt to stop the reformation. They formed the Jesuits to teach people spiritual exercises to shape their behavior through disciple studies and regular practices. The emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III attempted to call a general council to reassert church doctrine but were unsuccessful.
3.7: The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe - What was the social significance of the Reformation, and how did it affect family life?
Protestant reformers praised women’s rights, but they still viewed women merely as mothers and housewives. However, in protestant lands women gained an equal right with men to be allowed to divorce and remarry.
3.8: Family Life in Early Modern Europe - What was family like in early modern Europe?
Remarriage was common, later marriages within couples led to older women often dying while giving birth
Arranged marriages were less emphasised
Nuclear families, consisting of 6-7 children since infant death was common
The church opposed birth control
Wet nursing, women of higher classes nursed the children of women in lower classes to prevent diseases from spreading to the infants
Children between the ages of 8-13 would leave home for apprenticeships, schools, or employment
3.9: Literary Imagination in Transition - How was the transition from medieval to modern reflected in the works of the great literary figures of the era?
Protestant movements influenced Spanish literature
Rejection of idealism in ‘‘Don Quixote’’ by Cervantes
Elizabethan drama by Shakespeare
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