Anatomy Exam 2 Bonus

What zones are included in the respiratory system and conducting zone?

Respiratory zone includes the alveoli, while the conducting zone includes the trachea.

How are bacteria or other particulate debris removed from inspired air?

by mucus, vibrissae, and conchae

What increases the surface area in the nasal cavity?

The presence of conchae.

What is removed when people have their adenoids taken out?

Pharyngeal tonsils.

What structural barrier is breached when food or liquids go down the wrong pipe?

Epiglottis.

Why do men tend to have deeper voices than women?

Because their vocal cords are longer and thicker.

What initiates violent coughing when foreign objects contact it?

The mucosa of the trachea.

Which structure is not part of the conducting zone?

Alveolar ducts.

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

The alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane.

How can a section of lung be removed without damaging neighboring sections?

The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.

What is the pressure in the alveoli called?

Intrapulmonary pressure.

What happens if transpulmonary pressure suddenly decreases?

The lungs would immediately collapse.

What is caused by a transpulmonary pressure greater than zero?

Inspiration.

What forces air into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure.

What happens to bronchioles during an asthma attack?

become severely constricted.

What do premature infants lack that leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Surfactant.

What is the term for the air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation?

Residual volume.

What is the law stating that the pressure exerted by each gas is proportional to its percentage?

Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange equivalent to that of O2 despite a less steep pressure gradient?

CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

How many molecules of O2 can hemoglobin bind to when fully saturated?

Four.

What enzyme in red blood cells catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid?

Carbonic anhydrase.

What is the most potent chemical influencing respiration?

CO2.

What is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels?

Erythropoietin.

What is the term for the loss of lung elasticity and destruction of alveolar walls?

Emphysema.