Statistics Review #2

Statistics

Tools for summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting scientific data to make conclusions about phenomena.

Levels of data

Types of data including Nominal (categorical), Ordinal (rank order), and Interval/Ratio (measurable distance between categories).

Descriptive statistics

Main functions are to organize, summarize, and simplify data.

Dependent variable

The outcome variable that researchers are interested in explaining or predicting.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or controlled to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Predictor variable

A variable used in regression analysis to predict the outcome of another variable.

Univariate analysis

The simplest form of analysis involving one variable.

Multivariate analysis

Analysis involving multiple variables to understand their relationships.

Central tendency

Measures that summarize a dataset with a single value, commonly Mean, Median, and Mode.

Dispersion

Measures that describe the spread of data, including Range, Standard deviation, and Variance.

Inferential statistics

Methods that allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on sample data.

Hypothesis testing

A process to evaluate if a hypothesis is reliable based on sample data.

T-test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

A statistical test used to compare the means of three or more groups.

Chi-square test

A statistical test used to examine differences in proportions between categorical data.

Pearson Correlation

A method to assess the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

Regression

A statistical technique for examining the relationship between variables.

Multiple regression

A statistical technique used to understand relationships among multiple independent variables and a dependent variable.

R² (R-squared)

Represents the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variables in a regression model.

Psychosocial adjustment

The process of adapting to psychological and social aspects of living with a condition.

Compliant/Noncompliant data

A type of nominal data representing whether subjects adhere to a treatment regimen.

Experimental group

The group in a study receiving the treatment or intervention under investigation.

Control group

The group in a study that does not receive the treatment or intervention, used for comparison.