HOUSING: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING POLICIES & PROGRAMS IN ASIA

Urbanization

is the spatial concentration of people and economic activity is arguably the most important social transformation in the history of civilization since man changed from being a nomadic hunter-gatherer and adopted a settled, subsistence agricultural way of life.

Urbanization

While the timing and speed of _______ have varied and are varying between countries, regions, and continents, the urbanization process has taken hold everywhere. It has proven to be an unstoppable and a mostly desirable phenomenon.

Cities

are the foundation of modern civilization; they are the engine room of economic growth and the centers of culture, entertainment, innovation, education, knowledge, and political power.

60 years

o In 1900 just 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities.

o The 20th century transformed this picture, as the pace of urban population growth accelerated very rapidly in about 1950.

o ______ later, it is estimated that half of the world’s people lives in cities.

design and construction

Housing studies most specifically traditional housing in its’ early stages have focused solely on the ________ factors. Many of the approaches to analysis of traditional house form have been

largely physical and deterministic in their orientation. It was only after and integration of other fields of study that housing studies and programs has evolved.

Various Fields of Studies were integrated with architecture namely - anthropology, cultural and social, economic and political disciplines.

Economic and political

As academic disciplines such as architecture and social disciplines have co-existed the cultural and social attributes of traditional dwellings have been considered. __________ is arguably still under-recognised.

East Asian governments

________ have looked to housing development as a means to drive urban development and economic growth

o same time to stimulate the rise of a property-asset-holding class of welfare self-reliant home-owning households.

These strategies bolster the economic position of the family has been considered a means to offset the development of onerous welfare states that impede the ability of the state to invest in advancing industrial growth and national economic capacity.

de-commodification

delivering public housing as commodified asset goods has helped to resist potential ___________ that would threaten to extend the autonomy of workers and a sense of social rights to public goods.

market and family

governments in East Asia have prioritized growth reliant on the concept of the ___________. This resulted to social problems and lack of security for the vulnerable members of the society. Policies were made in favor of economic growth for private entities – identified here as market. Head of the family reliance

True

(True/False) Housing shortages are not present at high-income levels in South Asia, but are a concern among middle- and low-income groups.

Increased demand for urban housing

This is the result of rapid population growth, increased urbanization, high income inequality, and displacement of people by natural disasters and conflict. Large-scale slums and informal settlements that prevail in almost all South Asian countries underline the urgency of meeting the demand for homes.

True

(True/False) The family bears the primary responsibility for the welfare of the family home. In understanding the development of a productivist welfare regime and its relationship to the operation of and transformation in developmental states, the role of housing policy has largely been ignored.

Clear sum housing, increase land values, promote high speed growth

Aims of the State in Housing Supply

developmentalism

Government housing are on the surface diverse or growth oriented they are deeply embedded with ________ and the logic of productivism.

Japan, Korea, Taiwan

These countries have underwent social policy transformations after the 1997 financial crisis. Democratic tensions have shaped approaches to and support of, developmentalism.

Hong Kong and Singapore

More closely resembles those of the advance western countries. Small city states with little undeveloped land and agricultural sectors that account for 0.01 percent or less of their GDP

China

Resembles in some ways the developmental starters but with much larger area and population

Different furrow in terms of accelerated urban growth which may be attributed to _____ being led by a communist party and its’ market oriented growth since 1978

2 decades of intensive housing privatization till 2010

China

In 2010 the _______ government announced one of the largest social housing construction programmes in the world with an initial target of around 36 million units by 2015.

Overtook Japan to become the second largest economy in the world in 2011. Other countries’ economic activities have become increasingly dependent on _______.

Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand

- Developmental late starters (Cub Economy)

- Lower GDP per capita

- Less developed urban framework

- Still significant agricultural sector accounting to at least 10% of total GDP

Top-down Nature of Planning/ State-led Coordination

Housing provision has featured large public corporations such as the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA), the Japan Housing Corporation,2 the Korean National Housing Corporation3 and the SingaporeHousing DevelopmentBoard (HDB) facilitating mass housing construction on an unparalleled speed and scale

Housing Provision Chain

In East Asia, however, the state not only orchestrates planning, setting out measurable goals, but also plays a role in steering economic factors that affect the speed, location and

nature of development. Meanwhile, construction is often carried out by private companies and housing sold as a

market good in terms of ability to pay.

1960s and late- 1990s

East Asian governments became deeply involved in the housing sector during the period of high- speed economic growth between the ____________.

Effects of government involvement in housing system

• Increased Urbanization Rates

• GDP from construction industry

• Sharp Increases in Land and House Prices

• Commodified Housing

• Development of – consumption oriented, middle class societies made up of a welfare self-reliant household with access to family owned housing assets.