Module 1-3 Exam Answers

T/F: Chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes can be prevented solely by consuming a healthy diet through the lifespan

false

T/F: The dietary reference intakes (DRI) are international guidelines used around the world

false

T/F: For a new finding to be accepted, the finding must be found repeatedly in various types of well-designed, unbiased studies that different researchers perform

true

T/F: Eating certain foods together, such as fruit and meat, often leads to digestive issues

false

T/F: The intended audience for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is individuals

false

T/F: “Boosts immune health” is an example of a reliable health claim allowed on a food label because the FDA has substantial scientific support for the claim

false

The most energy-rich nutrient is

a. carbohydrate

b. fat

c. protein

d, water

e, fiber

e

A dietitian is planning to assess dietary patterns in a large-scale epidemiological study of 10,000 adults to examine relationships between diet and chronic disease risk over the past year. The study has limited funding and staff. Which dietary assessment method would be MOST appropriate for this scenario?

a. 7-day food records with weekly dietitian check-ins

b. 3 24-hour dietary recalls conducted by trained interviewers

c. a validated food frequency questionnaire

d. single 24-hour dietary recall with portion size estimation aids

e. monthly food records self-administered through a smartphone app for 12 months

c

Essential nutrients are

a. nutrients that do not cause deficiency diseases if they are omitted from the diet

b. necessary nutrients that the body cannot make, or make in sufficient quantities, for itself

c. nutrients that the body can manufacture from raw materials

d. nutrients that must be obtained from supplements

e. necessary nutrients that cannot be obtained from the diet

b

The amount of ____ must be listed on food labels

a. monounsaturated fat

b. polyunsaturated fat

c. omega-3 fat

d. phospholipids

e. saturated fat

e

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are designed for:

a. health maintenance and promotion of healing after injury

b. restoration of health in malnourished individuals

c. disease prevention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals

d. reversal of nutrient deficiencies

e. health maintenance and disease prevention in healthy people

e

What two tastes do we have an inborn preference to enjoy?

a. sweet and sour

b. sweet and umami

c. umami and salty

d. sweet and salty

e. sour and salty

d

Which of the following contains calories and is not considered a nutrient?

a. alcohol

b. carbohydrates

c. fats

d. protein

e, water

a

Characteristics of a legitimate and qualified nutrition expert include

a. graduation from an accredited university after completing a program of dietetics

b. completion of a medical degree

c. using the term “nutritionist” after the individual’s name

d. a Bachelor of Arts degree from a correspondence program

e. authoring news articles about nutrition

a

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions are known as

a. chromosomes

b. enzymes

c. genes

d. mitochondrion

e. structural proteins

b

A sign that nutrition information may be unreliable is if

a. is is being made by an advertiser who is paid to make claims

b. if the evidence used to support the claim comes from a universty labratory

c. it appears in a peer-reviewed scientific journal

d. it is written by a public health dietitian

e. it has been reviewerd by a medical board or accredited health professional

a

Which type of research studies populations and is often used to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence

a. an intervention study

b. a laboratory study

c. a case study

d. an epidemiological study

e. a placebo-controlled study

d

A food manufacturer has included the following claim on the container label for a product: “Improves memory.” If you were evaluating the claim, you would

a. be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advanced approval

b. know this is an accurate statement because it was reviewed before being put on the label

c. know that the manufacturer has done extensive research on this claim

d. be aware that the FDA has done research on the manufacturer’s claim

e. be likely to recommed this product because of the obvious claim

a

Which of the following units is used by food scientists to measure food energy?

a. degrees

b. kilograms

c. grams

d. moles

e. kilocalories

e

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a nutritious diet?

a. it ensures that the same kind of food is eaten evert day

b. it supplies adequate amounts of all essential nutrients

c. it has various foods in different proportions

d. it ensures limited intake of saturated fats, added sugars, and salt

e. it ensures that energy intakes do not exceed or fall short of energy needs

a

Most fat digestion takes place in the

a. mouth with lipases secreted in the saliva

b. stomach with proteases mixed with gastric juices

c. small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas

d. large intestine with lipases mixed with water

e. large intestine with microbial proteases

c

Research suggests that consumption of both fermented foods and high-fiber whole foods, such as vegetables, improves the diversity and number of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Researchers think that regularly consuming fermented foods has a greater impact on improving gut health compared to regularly consuming high-fiber foods. They want to test their hypothesis by comparing changes to gut bacteria in people who will consume fermented foods energy day for 6 weeks with those who will consume high-fiber vegetables each day for 6 weeks. Which type of research design will the scientists consider?
a. an epidemiological study

b. a case study

c. an intervention study

d. a laboratory study

e. a double-blind study

c

Immediately after digestion, nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are

a. transported to other organs where they are broken down into their elemental constituents

b. transported to the heart, which then delivers them to the individual cells in the body

c. transported to the kidneys for distribution to the cells in the body

d. transported by the lymph system to the heart for distribution

e. transported by the blood to the liver for necessary chemical alterations

e

The purpose of villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to

a. move food components through the intestinal tract for their removal from the body

b. reduce the surface area of the intestines

c. trap the nutrients and absorb them into the cells

d. prevent nutrients from being absorbed

e. secrete digestive enzymes

c

Planning menus that include an assortment of foods to provide sufficient quantities of essential nutrients, fiber, and energy to maintain health and body weight is a principal known as ____.

a. variety

b. balance

c. moderation

d. calorie control

e. adequacy

e

Which of the following statements is true of the daily values?

a. the daily values are useful when comparing one food to another

b. the daily values are levels that provide the toxicity range for most nutrients

c. the daily values are best used as nutrient intake goals for individuals

d. the daily values are specific for age or gender

e. the daily values are expressed as a percentage of the total protein content

a

The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along is called ______

a. emulsification

b. absorption

c. peristalsis

d. chewing

e. reflux

c

Where does most protein absorption take place?

a. esophagus

b. large intestine

c. stomach

d. small intestine

e. mouth

d

Compared to previous editions, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025:

a. apply to all people 18 years of age and older

b. were written independently, without each component affecting others

c. advocate supplements as a way for healthy individuals to consistently meet nutrient needs

d. address needs of people during key life stages such as pregnancy, lactation, and infancy

e. were developed by the US Department of Agriculture

d

Bile is made in the ____, stored in the ___, and released into the _____

a. gallbladder, liver, stomach

b. liver, gallbladder, small intestine

c. liver, gallbladder, stomach

d. pancreas, liver, stomach

e. pancreas, liver, small intestine

b

Protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions are

a. lysosomes

b. enzymes

c. lipoproteins

d. antibodies

e. hormones

b

1. What is the main dietary factor associated with elevated blood cholesterol?

   1. High intake of vegetables

   2. High polyunsaturated fat intake

   3. High intake of lipoproteins

   4. High intake of legumes

   5. High saturated and trans fat intakes

5

1. The breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces

   1. Disaccharides

   2. Amino acids

   3. Ketone bodies

   4. Monosaccharides

   5. Glycogen bodies

3

1. Which of the following is not a function of essential fatty acids?

   1. They contribute lipids to the brain and nerves

   2. They participate in the functions of immune cells

   3. They provide raw materials for the synthesis of trans fat in the body

   4. They serve asstructural and functional parts of cell membranes

   5. They help maintain the health of the skin

3

1. Which of the following is not a function of fat in the human body?

   1. It carries water-soluable nutrients

   2. It cushions the internal organs from physical shock

   3. It acts as a source of energy

   4. It forms the major material of cell membranes

   5. It protects the body from temperature extremes

1

t/f: All 20 amino acids can be produced by the body using fragments derived from carbohydrates and fat

false

1. Carbohydrates are essential for providing energy to the body because

   1. The glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body processes

   2. Fats cannot provide energy for cellular processes

   3. They provide amino acids that are the preferred energy sources for body processes

   4. They provide ketone bodies that are the preferred energy sources of the body’s cells

   5. Ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells

1

1. Which compound emulsifies fat in the small intestine during digestion?

   1. Bile

   2. gastric secretions

   3. Lipoproteins

   4. Bicarbonate

   5. Pancreatic lipases

1

t/f: Vegetarians have a significantly higher LDL cholesterol values than meat eaters

false

1. Which of the following statements is true of lactose intolerance

   1. It is a condition in which the body resists the digestion of proteins

   2. It is a condition in which the severity and symptoms are the same in most people affected

   3. It is a condition in which the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar

   4. It is a condition that requires elimination of all milk products

   5. It is a disease in which the pancreas stops functioning

3

1. Which of the following blood lipids lowers heart disease risk when its value is high

   1. HDL

   2. LDL

   3. Total cholesterol

   4. VLDL

   5. Triglycerides

1

1. What single sugar do all disaccharides contain?

   1. Maltose

   2. Galactose

   3. Glucose

   4. Fructose

   5. Sucrose

3

1. Fatty acids may differ from one another in

   1. Chain length and in the number of nitrogen atoms

   2. Degree of saturation and in the number of sulfur atoms

   3. The number of calories and in whether they contain carbon atoms

   4. Whether they contain carbon and in the degree of saturation

   5. Chain length and degree of saturation

5

1. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 recommend that adults limit added sugar intake to less than __________________.

   1. 5% of total calories

   2. 10 teasponons

   3. 100 calories

   4. 10% of total calories

   5. 10 grams

4

t/f: According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should decrease their total trans fat intake to less than 10% of total calories.

false

1. The identity and chemical structure of an amino acid is determined by the _________. 

   1. Side chain

   2. Acid group

   3. Type of bonds

   4. Presence or absence of nitrogen

   5. Amine group

1

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding protein intake recommendations?

   1. Dieters should take excess protein supplements to spare body proteins.

   2. Athletes build muscle only when they consume excess protein supplements.

   3. Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.

   4. Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

   5. Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis.

3

t/f: If breads are labeled “high fiber” it always means they have been made with whole-grain flour.

false

1.  Which statements concerning cholesterol is false?

   1. It is a part of every cell

   2. It can be made by the body

   3. Vitamin D is made with cholesterol

   4. It is a component of bile

   5. It is an essential nutrient

5

1.  Digestion of most starch begins in the ______.

   1. Stomach

   2. Esophagus

   3. Small intestine

   4. Mouth

   5. Colon

4

1. Which of the following carbohydrates is responsible for the intensely sweet taste of fruit?

   1. Galactose

   2. Maltose

   3. Cellulose

   4. Sucrose

   5. Fructose

5

1. Which of the following statements is true of a polysaccharide?

   1. It is also known as a simple carbohydrate.

   2. It is always obtained from plants.

   3. It is made of two linked monosaccharide units.

   4. It is composed of long strands of glucose units linked together.

   5. It consists of a single glucose unit.

4

1.  Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer. What evidence is available to support her decision?

   1. Plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber, reducing the risk of heart disease.

   2. Substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a decrease in heart disease risk.

   3. Vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids

   4. Lung cancer never develops in people eating plant-based diets.

   5. Intakes of cheese and shortening decrease when meat consumption decreases.

1

A health-promoting 2,000-calorie diet should provide between 20% and 35% of calories from carbohydrates each day.

false

1. Which of the following words on an ingredient list would alert you to the presence of trans-fatty acids in the product?

   1. Butter

   2. BHT

   3. BHA

   4. Hydrogenated oil

   5. Milk

4

1.  The chief protein that is present in most connective tissues, including scars, ligaments, and tendons, is ____.

   1. Enzymes

   2. Antibodies

   3. Insulin

   4. Collagen

   5. Hemoglobin

4

1. Which of the following is not capable of denaturing a protein

   1. Radiation

   2. Heat

   3. Bases

   4. Water

   5. Alcohol

4

Hydrochloric acid produced in the small intestine is responsible for denaturing proteins during digestion.

false

1. Complex carbohydrates:

   1. are small molecules containing six carbon atoms.

   2. are known as monosaccharides and disaccharides.

   3. include both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units.

   4. contain calcium, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

   5. are long chains of sugar units arranged to form starch or fiber.

5

1. Which of the following is a correct statement about protein intake and changes to muscle tissue?

   1. Amino acid supplements are only recommended for athletes.

   2. Well-timed protein intakes can stimulate muscle protein synthesis when paired with exercise.

   3. Taking protein supplements will increase muscle size and athletic performance.

   4. Consuming additional protein reduces the need for exercise.

   5. Protein supplements are often a better source of high-quality protein compared to obtaining protein from food.

2

1. Which of the following statements is true of LDL and HDL?

   1. LDL are much smaller than HDL as they are devoid of cholesterol.

   2. LDL transport lipids from the muscles to the liver.

   3. HDL contains a higher percentage of protein relative to lipids.

   4. HDL pick up cholesterol from the liver and transfer it to the blood.

   5. LDL contains a higher percentage of protein relative to lipids.

3

1. Vitamin A must be consumed in adequate amounts each day to avoid deficiency.

false

1. Which of the following is NOT a misconception about type 2 diabetes?

   1. Overweight people will all eventually develop type 2 diabetes.

   2. Omitting sugary foods will control type 2 diabetes.

   3. Eating too much sugar causes type 2 diabetes.

   4. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic lifestyle disorder.

   5. People with type 2 diabetes should avoid carbohydrates.

4

1. How can endurance athletes best delay muscle fatigue during training?

   1. By avoiding sports drinks during exercise

   2. By maintaining adequate body fat

   3. By consuming glucose periodically during the event

   4. By staying in the moderate intensity range to prevent anaerobic metabolism

   5. By consuming excess fat three days before the event

3

1. Who among the following has a valid reason for taking supplements?

   1. A person who wants to cure a self-diagnosed illness

   2. A person who saw an ad from someone they follow on TikTok

   3. A person who eliminates entire food groups in their diet 

   4. A person who wishes to build muscles without physical activity

   5. A person who believes that food grown on today’s soil lacks the necessary nutrients

3

1. In general, studies suggest that low cancer rates are associated with ____________.

   1. high red meat intakes

   2. low folate intakes

   3. high dietary fiber intakes

   4. high iron intakes

   5. low cruciferous vegetable intakes

3

1. The product label on a multivitamin supplement has the following health statement: “Emerging research suggests that an adequate daily vitamin D₃ intake may play a role in supporting immune health.” How should this statement be interpreted?

   1. The vitamin D in this product has been proven to improve one’s white blood cell count.

   2. The product includes the amount of vitamin D recommended for daily consumption.

   3. Because the manufacturer is not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA, this statement may not be accurate.

   4. The manufacturer has voluntarily paid an independent laboratory to test the product

   5. The amount of vitamin D in this product will boost immune health.

3

1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994?

   1. It classified supplements as drugs that require FDA approval prior to sale

   2. It required all supplement labels to list potential side effects and contraindications

   3. It eliminated the need for quality assurance logos like USP and NSF on supplement product

   4. It required all supplement manufacturers to prove safety and efficacy before marketing products.

   5. It allowed for structure-function claims but not disease treatment claims

5

1. The hormone that signals the liver to release stored glucose molecules into the bloodstream is _______.

   1. Testosterone

   2. Glucagon

   3. Thyroxine

   4. Insulin

   5. Serotonin

2

1. To maintain blood glucose levels, those with type 1 diabetes must take daily  _________.

   1. Epinephrine

   2. Thyroxine

   3. Adrenaline

   4. Glucagon

   5. Insulin

5

1. What is the by-product when glucose is broken down anaerobically?

   1. Lactate

   2. Amino acids

   3. Hydrogen

   4. Urea

   5. Uric acid

1

When using a plate method for nutrition education, while a traditional plate typically has 1/4 of the plate designated for carbohydrates, an athletes plate on a hard training day would be 50% carbohydrates.

true

1. Iron is classified as a trace mineral.

true

1. All of the following conditions increase a person’s need for fluids EXCEPT:

   1. Cold weather

   2. Traveling to a higher altitude

   3. Traveling in airplanes

   4. Following a high-fiber diet

   5. Decreased protein intake

5

1. The two most abundant minerals in the body are

   1. Sodium and calcium

   2. Potassiu and sodium

   3. Calcium and phosphorus

   4. Potassium and magnesium

   5. Sodium and iron

3

1. The main difference between infectious diseases and chronic diseases is that unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases:

   1. Do not occur in developed countries

   2. Are not related to the nutritional status of a person

   3. Are caused by a mixture of factors

   4. Can be prevented by special immune-strengthening foods

   5. Some can be cured with medications

5

Supplements undergo the same rigorous testing and FDA approval process as prescription medications.

false

1.  The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells is ________.

   1. Sodium

   2. Magnesium

   3. Chloride

   4. Potassium

   5. Calcium

1

1. Why would you advise someone not to drink alcohol before participating in an athletic event?Why would you advise someone not to drink alcohol before participating in an athletic event?

   1. It enhances temperature regulation

   2. It promotes water retention

   3. It speeds up basal metabolism

   4. It makes people nervous or jittery

   5. It enhances fluid loss from the body

5

1.  The incidence of a chronic disease can be correlated with a single risk factor.

false

1. Protein is needed by the body to support an exercise program or athletic performance because it:

   1. plays a role in the repair of muscle tissue. 

   2. spares carbohydrate from being used for fuel.

   3. attracts water into muscle tissue and adding bulk.

   4. is a major fuel used in strength training.

   5. is converted to glycogen for storage in muscles.

1

1. A compound that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a(n) _________.

   1. Predecessor

   2. Provitamin

   3. Coenzyme

   4. Enzyme

   5. Antivitamin

2

1. Given a normal diet and moderate environment, the National Academy of Medicine recommends that the average adult male needs about _____ cups of fluid.

   1. 13

   2. 12

   3. 16

   4. 9

   5. 8

1

1. Which of the following statements is true of fluoride?

   1. It increases the resistance of bones and teeth against demineralization.

   2. It is usually deficient in public water supplies.

   3. Excessive fluoride intake causes bones to become thin.

   4. Fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride intake is a temporary condition.

   5. It promotes the formation of plaque by supporting bacterial metabolism.

1

 For most people, electrolytes can be replaced through food, and sports drinks or electrolyte packets are not necessary.

true

1.  Magnesium plays a role in all of the following EXCEPT:

   1. Bone mineralization

   2. Immune function

   3. Nerve function

   4. Energy metabolism

   5. Muscle contractions

4

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vitamins B and C?

   1. They are stored extensively in tissues.

   2. They seldom reach toxic levels

   3. Some are destroyed on exposure to light, heat, or oxygen during processing

   4. They are easily absorbed and excreted

   5. They dissolve in water

1

1.  A diet rich in _____, fish, fruits, and vegetables reduces blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

   1. Trans fat

   2. Sodium

   3. Saturated fat

   4. Added sugars

   5. Unsaturated fat

5

1.  Well-planned meals are especially important for strict vegetarians to avoid _____ deficiency.

   1. Niacin

   2. Thiamin

   3. Vitamin b6

   4. Folate

   5. Vitamin b12

5