Studied by 39 people
Columbian exchange
exchange of crops, animals, weapons, religion and culture, disease
→ The old world mainly benefited from this as the introduction of new crops led to large increases in European population
→ Meanwhile, the new world was at a disadvantage due to diseases spreading (approximately 90% of native population was wiped out due to smallpox)
→ However, the new world had some benefits over the introduction of European technology.
(note that the “new” world already had complex, specialized, and systemized societies)
1st Great Awakening
movement to revive the church from the 1730s to the 1740s
Religious revival movement (predestination vs. salvation)
Old lights vs new lights
Important people of the movement and their contributions:
Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield
Methodists and Baptists grew Splits in denominations such as the Congregationalists, Presbyterians
Middle Passage
slave trade route through which slaves were imported from Africa (mainly from modern-day Benin)
→ Many slaves died by poor ship conditions, disease, and abuse
→ Slaves became the new source of labor as majority of the Native American population had declined due to the spread of smallpox
→ Indentured servitude was slowly declining
→ Bacon’s Rebellion
Navigation Act
acts by British parliament to restrict trade of colonies to England; as a result, America could only trade with the mother country
→ Mercantilism; an effort to increase revenue from the colonies
→ The extra costs was one grievance leading up to the American Revolution
→ Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English ships
Enlightenment
movement from Europe during the Renaissance; emphasizes humanism, scientific knowledge, individualism
A challenge to the 1st Great Awakening and traditionalism
Ideologies of the Enlightenment resulted in the American Revolution
John Locke’s life, liberty, property → Thomas Jefferson’s life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Checks and balances
Separation of powers
Idea that the people can overthrow the government if it oppresses their rights
Jamestown labor systems
The main cash crop of Jamestown was tobacco
The main labor system used was indentured servitude
The first African American slaves had arrived at Jamestown
There were issues with the labor system due to poor working conditions
Bacon's Rebellion (aka Chesapeake Revolution)
Failed uprising of indentured servants and slaves in Virginia
Nathaniel Bacon raised an army and conducted a series of raids and massacres in 1676
Effects:
Bacon’s rebellion resulted in a distrust in indentured servitude. This lead to an increase in african slavery.
The government had also established stricter policies and the leaders of the rebellion were hanged
Sharp class differences between the wealthy and poor farmers
Conflict on the frontiers between settlers and natives
Colonial resistance to the crown
Causes: oppressive legislation on the middle class, strict taxes, and the wide gap between the rich and the poor resulted
Also immediate cause was the lack of support from Gov/ Sir William? Berkeley to prevent the Native American land disputes and fights due to the government’s profitable trade with them.
King Philip's War
The first war with Native Americans
Caused by the Colonies' desire to get more and more land, which the Native Americans resented.
Began due to Native uprisings against White settlers in 1675.
Resulted in more freedom for westward expansion for White settlers, while Native Americans were forced away from their land.
Early native conflict at Jamestown
(definition is self-explanatory)
First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609-1614)
Caused by conflict over providing resources (the English were struggling to survive and pressured the natives to share supplies)
Resulted in the growth of the English colony and decrease in Native American power
Jamestown Massacre (1622)
Territorial expansion of the English colony angered the Powhatans
Resulted in the English lacking supplies for the winter, leading to the Great Starvation of 1622
Compare/Contrast New England and Chesapeake
(no definition)
New England
Economic
fishing, whaling, timber industry, trade of manufactured goods, ship building; small farms; colonies traded with Britain and there is a major port in Boston; some indentured servitude, less slavery of Africans
Social
Puritans and separatists; tension about religious freedom; people were family and community centric; conflict with local native tribes
Political
government centered around the church; form of direct democracy, only male members of the church could vote; laws and trials for speaking against Christianity
Chesapeake
Economic
Large-scale agriculture for cash crops (MAINLY TOBACCO, indigo, cotton); reliance on indentured servitude
Social
Planters dominate the social hierarchy, religious freedom to SOME EXTENT, weak family life
Political
Governor and council that was appointed by the crown; assembly elected by the people; frequent town meetings; republican democracy
Decline of native population
native population began to decline rapidly due to the arrival of colonists from Europe
Approximately 90% of native population declined due to the spread of smallpox
Later in the late 1700s, smallpox blankets were given to native tribes
Much of the native population declined due to forced relocation and violence with nearby settlers
Violent revolts such as the Bacon's Rebellion led to the decrease of the native population
Explain the increase in the use of slave labor
multiple reasons - mainly economic and social
Much of the native population declined due to the spread of smallpox
Many people discontinued indentured servitude after Bacon’s Rebellion
African slave labor was typically cheaper than indentured servitude
Indentured servants had to be sent free after a certain period, but african slaves could work for their entire lives.
The southern economy became highly dependent on agriculture (especially cotton after the invention of the cotton gin); this resulted in the increase of slavery (especially of African Americans)
Reduced migration (increased wages in England → reduction of immigration to the colonies)
Loyalists (Tories) v Patriots
loyalists supported GB and King George III, while patriots advocated for independence from GB
loyalists were wealthy elites who wanted to keep their wealth and land (they had good relations with the Parliament or were employed in their positions by the Parliament), therefore, they supported GB
patriots were mainly middle class Americans who could not afford the heavy taxes imposed on them
Most people in the colonies were neutralists (did not support either side) because they wanted to keep peace
However, many began to join the Patriot cause
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
“Give me Liberty or Give me Death” by Patrick Henry
Cotton Gin
machine created to quickly and easily separate cotton fibers from seeds; invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
This invention led to faster, mass-production of cotton in the South
“King Cotton”
As cotton became the main cash crop of the south, slavery increased significantly
Constitution
the U.S. Constitution was proposed as a replacement to the Articles of Confederation; the current constitution
The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia in 1787; it was ratified in 1788, and put into effect in 1789
Limited extreme power of the government through checks and balances, separation of powers, etc.
Bill of Rights
Includes the first 10 amendments of the U.S. constitution
Somewhat parallel to the English Bill of Rights and based on the grievances of the colonists during the American Revolution
Guarantees civil rights and liberties to individuals
Proposed by James Madison
The Anti-Federalists wanted to include a Bill of Rights in fear that the central government would be too powerful
The Federalists were against this, thinking it is unnecessary
Federalist vs Anti Federalist
Federalists valued a stronger national government and supported the ratification of the Constitution.
Anti- Federalists who were worried about the protection of people’s rights and favored a weak central government, were against the ratification of the constitution.
Anti-Federalists argued that they would only ratify the constitutions if a Bill of Rights were added.
Whiskey Rebellion
Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against tax on Whiskey (which was a part of Hamilton’s Economic plan).
George Washington showed that the new centralized government has the strength to enforce their laws by sending a military to stop the rebellion.
3/5th compromise:
Three out of every Five slaves were counted for legislation and taxation
This helped the South greatly in representation in Congress
Great Compromise
settled during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, also known as the Connecticut Compromise
Settled disputes over the Constitution
Divided the legislative branch into the Senate and the House of Representatives
Meant to protect the rights of states and limit excessive federal power
Federalists vs Democratic Republicans
Federalists
Believed in a strong central government and weaker state governments, strong army
Hamilton’s Financial Plan, Jay’s Treaty
Looser interpretation of the Constitution
Democratic Republicans
Believed in strong state governments and state’s rights, personal liberty, westward expansion
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Declaration of Independence
unanimous document that declares the U.S. as an independent nation
Adopted in the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776
Preamble, list of grievances, declaration, signatures
“All men are created equal”
“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
Inspired by John Locke’s 3 natural rights
Reflects Enlightenment ideals
Common Sense
pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
Advocated for American Independence, encouraged more neutralists to join the Patriot cause
Paine argues for the creation of a democratic republic free from tyrannical monarchy
William Lloyd Garrison
radical abolitionist; wrote “the liberator”
he burned a copy of the constitution because it was a proslavery document, he believed in the immediate abolition of slavery without compensating owners
American Colonization Society
Organized in 1816 and encouraged free black Americans to go back to Africa.
Resulted in the founding of the West African Nation of Liberia
Many black people and black abolitionists were against these efforts because
Era of Good Feelings
period from 1815 to 1825 that marked nationalism and economic prosperity after the War of 1812
The Federalist Party collapsed
Gathered support for the Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe established the Second National Bank
2nd Wave of Immigration
Large-scale immigration from northern and western Europe from the 1840s to the 1850s
Immigration of the Irish and German
Ireland was undergoing the Great Potato Famine and Germany was undergoing economic hardships and civil unrest to an extent
People were unhappy about this because job occupations were taken up by immigrants
Resulted in in the concept of “nativism” to appear
Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic
2nd Great Awakening
Second religious revival movement in the early 1800s
Causes: few church attendances, wealth and rationalism dominating religion
Effects: formation of many Utopian societies (most to all failed), reform movements, the question of expanding rights to what groups
Temperance, abolition, women’s rights, schools, asylums, etc.
Most important Utopian societies: Oneida, Brook Farm, New Harmony, Fruitlands, Shakers
Nativism
Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic ideologies; belief in white, Christian American superiority
The American (Know-Nothing) Party strongly advocated their nativist beliefs
Nativism intensifies during the 2nd Wave of Immigration, with the arrival of Irish immigrants due to the Great Potato Famine
Manifest Destiny
idea that the American dream is westward expansion (supported by religious reasons)
Think about “The White Man’s Burden” (similar concept that the U.S. should civilize the western territories)
Resulted in the removal and relocation of native american tribes
Many people traveled west through the Oregon Trail, California Trail, etc.
Played a huge role in the annexation of California and Texas
Creation of nationalism at first
however, the debate over which states should have slavery intensified
Sectionalism of the north and the south
Mid-19th century Defense of slavery
slavery was defended by many white southerners in the 1800s
Economic reasons
Cotton-based economy of the south
The main cash crop of the south was cotton and slaves mainly worked in cotton plantations. That cotton was traded to the North, and the North used that cotton to manufacture textiles. Therefore, it was argued that ending slavery would not only ruin the economy of the south, but also the economy of the north.
Political/legal reasons
Gag Rule
All anti-slavery bills were tabled and not taken forward. This was to keep political unity and to defend slavery.
Social/religious reasons
Bible
The idea that “Jesus chose the life of slaves,” and that “if slaves followed their masters, they could achieve salvation”
Many slaves were converted to Christianity
George Fitzhugh
the best-known pro-slavery author who justified slavery through sociological theories
He defended slavery by stating that it was a gentle system that “protected the inferior black race” and promoted social harmony
Argued that all labor should be enslaved
Hinton Helper
American southern abolitionist author
Argued that slavery was not a factor of southern economic progress
Attacked slavery before the Civil War
Andrew Jackson-King or hero of the common man
Andrew Jackson led the U.S. to victory in the Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Led victory during the Seminole Wars
Hero of common man
Advocated for westward expansion to provide economic equality to common-man settlers
However, Jackson did support slavery
May be known as “King Andrew”
Exercised his presidential powers beyond the limit
Veto of the Bank Bill (national bank)
Tariff of abominations/Nullification
The tariff was a part of the American system and sought to protect Northern and Western foreign products from competition with foreign exports.
Strongly disliked by southerners because it was an extra tax on foreigners goods that only benefited the industrialized South
Nullification was the South’s effort to reject the tariff of make is “void”.
Resulted in President Jackson becoming elected
Indian Removal
Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by President Andrew Jackson
Lands west of the Mississippi given to settlers in exchange for native land
The spread of the concept of “Manifest Destiny” contributed to Indian removal
Natives were forced to relocate to reservations
Jackson’s reasons for “killing” the bank
Jackson believed that the National Bank took away state rights
He also believed that there was corruption amongst elites in the bank system
Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank, and instead, established pet banks for federal funds
Wanted the bank to fund for westward expansion
American System
Designed by Henry Clay
Strong tariffs to protect ‘infant industries’ (helped North(most industry lied there))
A national bank to regulate currency (helped North (large economic sector))
Internal Improvements- infrastructure in the developing West (helped the West(allowed for faster exporting of the breadbasket’s produce + increased ease of settling))
The South was angered, especially by the tariff(referred to it as the
Tariff of Abominations), (it even made them threaten secession)
Such tensions lead to the Nullification Crisis
Whig Party
A political party formed in the 1830s to oppose Andrew Jackson
Their opposition to Jackson was the main thing that kept the party together
Will eventually fall after Jackson Dies. This is because of differences in regards to slavery
Causes of the Mexican American War
Annexation of Texas
Land disputes in general (especially over the boundary between the U.S. and Texas on the Nueces River and Rio Grande)
Slidell Mission
Last attempt to gain California
President Polk sent John Slidell to offer $25 million for the territory, but the offer was declined
Manifest Destiny
westward expansion
Thornton Affair 1846
President Polk sent soldier to disputed territory; some soldiers die
Spots Resolution (whether the soldiers died on American soil or not) proposed by Lincoln
Mexican-American War was waged
Mexican American War effects
The U.S. received the Mexican cession
Allowed the U.S. to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and gain access to resources and ports
Arizona, New Mexico, California, and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
later on the Gadsden Purchase
Allowed for the transcontinental railroad to be built
Intensified the debate over which states should legalize slavery
sectionalism
Gettysburg Address
Speech given by Lincoln during the Civil War on November 19, 1863 in the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Encourages people to continue fighting and not let the sacrifices of the people who died be in vain.
“All men are created equal”
Advanced the cause of democratic government in the United States and inspired democracy around the world
Gold Rush
Gold discovered in California led to an influx of foreigners from China, South America, Ireland, and Americans came in search of gold.
As a result, California was one of the most diverse states at the time
Many made money by selling things like pickaxes, shovels, etc.
However, most people were unsuccessful in finding gold
“Manifest Destiny”
Bartolome de las Casas
Spanish-Dominican priest and reformer who advocated in favor of Native rights and humane treatment
De las Casas’s support of Native rights would ultimately lead to the increase in African slavery
Called for the abolition of Native American slavery
Juan Sepulveda
Spanish humanist lawyer who supported the enslavement of natives
Argued for the property rights of colonists and that natives had to be enslaved to civilize the settlements
Encomienda system
Forced and unpaid labor system of Native Americans used by Spanish colonists
Natives were given military protection and were converted to Christianity (subjected to violence if they did not convert)
One of the early forms of slavery in the New World
Encomienda system was used less due to the spread of disease among native americans and intermarriage
Market Revolution
improvements in agriculture, industries, and transportation due to the advancement of technology → capitalism
This resulted in the northern, western, and southern economies being links together and somewhat dependent on one another
Building of canals - Erie Canal
Lined western farms with Eastern manufacturing in NY with transcontinental railroads and other transportation improvements
Steamboats
Land was granted to people
Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney
Factory system
Cotton gin, spinning machine,
N.E., Middle, Southern colonies
New England
Economic
Some indentured servitude, less slavery of Africans; economy ran on shipbuilding, rope making, timbering, fishing, and there were small farms; trade of manufactured goods with Britain; major port in Boston
Social
Settlers were separatists and Puritans; tension regarding religious freedom; people were family and community centric; conflict with local native tribes
Political
Form of direct democracy, however, only white male members of the church could vote; no separation of church and state; strict laws and trials for speaking against Christianity
Middle
Economic
Trade and agriculture; reliance on African slaves and indentured servants; major fur trade business; economy ran on wheat, corn, fishing, hunting
Social
Diversity among settlers and more religious toleration; Quakers; mostly friendly relations with the natives; equality to some extent
Political
Democracy; assemblies elected twice a year and the governor was elected annually; frequent town meetings; leaders did not have absolute power; decisions made by charter companies
Southern
Economic
Heavy reliance on agriculture due to the warm climate (tobacco, rice, and indigo are major exports); reliance on slave labor from the transatlantic slave trade; indentured servitude; plantation systems
Social
Tension and violence between settlers and natives; wealthy plantation owners given more rights; high association with Anglican church; social hierarchy; some peace with local native tribes
Political
House of Burgesses; form of republican democracy; frequent town meetings; strict laws and military discipline, companies of the crown appointed governors
Lowell Girls
Young female workers who worked in textile mills (during the beginning of the Market revolution).
Lowell Textile Mills were in Massachusetts
One of the first opportunity for women to work
The young women protested and went on strike due to the lowering of wages and the increase of rent by the Mill owners.
Transportation Revolution
Innovation and building of railroads, steamboats, and canals lead to increase in transportation.
Connected North to West.
Erie Canal allowed for movement west of the Appalachians and made New York a commercial hub
Reconstruction
Efforts to reincorporate the south into the U.S.
Lincoln did not want to “punish” the south for seceding and forming the Confederacy
10% Plan
10% of former Confederates take an oath of loyalty
Civil Disobedience
If the government came up with an unjust law, people should break the law even if they go to prison for it.
In response to slavery, mistreatment of Native Americans, and Mexican American War
Utopian Societies
separate, perfectionist societies formed during the 2nd Great Awakening
Oneida
Founded in 1848, led by John Humphrey Noyes
“Complex marriage”
dictatorial
Brook Farm
Founded by George Ripley in 1841
Transcendentalism
Goal to achieve unity between intellect and manual labor
Society failed due to internal and financial struggles
New Harmony
Founded by Robert Owen
Secular, socialist community in Indiana
Failed due to financial problems and disagreement among members of the community
Shakers
One of the earliest religious communal movements
celibacy
Founded in England in 1747, groups settled in the U.S.
Utopian community died out by the mid-1900s
Amana Colonies
Settlers in Iowa who were mainly Germans involved in the religious reform movement known as Pietism
Simple, communal living
Fourier Phalanxes
John Calhoun
American statesmen and political theorist from South Carolina
Defended the institution of slavery and state’s rights
Doctrine of Nullification
War Hawk → his support for the embargo acts and denunciation of British attacks played a role in supporting the War of 1812 to start
Compromise 1850
Tensions after the Mexican- American due to arguments over whether or not slavery should be allowed in the new land America acquired after the war resulted in a need for a compromise.
Main points include:
Admission of California as a free state.
Fugitive Slave act (which demands that Northerners return fugitive slaves to the South)
Letting New Mexico and Utah choose whether they want to legalize slavery or not
Will ultimately fail because it failed to fix tensions between North and South.
Popular Sovereignty
State are able to decide whether they wanted to be slave of free based on popular vote
A compromise strategy used in the years between the Civil war.
Favored by South who wanted to spread slavery
Spot Resolutions
After the annexation of Texas, a conflict between Mexicans and Americans resulted in the death of many Americans
Despite the insistence of many to go to war with Mexico, Congressman Lincoln introduced resolution president Polk to consider the exact spot where American blood was spilt.
Charles Grandison Finney
most-known leader of the 2nd Great Awakening
Advocated for perfectionism, supported abolition, opposed traditional Presbyterian beliefs
The Liberator
The most widely circulated anti-slavery news paper.
This newspaper was published and edited by William Lloyd Garrison, a white abolitionist.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner lead more than 50 enslaved people in a bloody masacre against white slave owners and their families in Southampton, Virginia
Killed nearly 60 white people, mostly women and children.
Slave owners restricted slave’s rights even more than before.
Resulted in a new wave of laws prohibiting assembly (without a white person), education, and movement of slaves.
Hamilton Financial Plan
Bank of the United States
High tariffs to protect industry and collection of taxes
restart/assume state debt
Encourages manufacturing
Coining of money
State Debt/Assumption of Debt
Part of Hamilton’s Financial Plan; Jefferson opposed this (believed that the federal government would be overpowered and states would not have a strong input to the government)
Starting a new national debt by having the government pay off the current debt by incorporating it into taxes and altering treasury bonds (?)
With the purpose to increase the national credit market and to limit state power
Jefferson and yeoman Farmers
Yeoman farmers were small landowners who farmed their own lands
Jefferson was a democratic-republican who believed in personal liberty and more economic rights to the common people (?)
Visioned an agrarian republic
Proposed to distribute land amongst yeoman farmers
Were ideal citizens in Jefferson’s view: “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”
Thomas Paine
An influential writer who was a part of the American Independence movement; he took inspiration from the Enlightenment.
Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called the Common Sense listing all the reasons why the colonies should be independent from Britain.
This influences the concepts of the Declaration of independence.
Note 
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