APUSH MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

review this for the midterm bro

__**Columbian exchange**__ 

exchange of crops, animals, weapons, religion and culture, disease

→ The old world mainly benefited from this as the introduction of new crops led to large increases in European population

→ Meanwhile, the new world was at a disadvantage due to diseases spreading (approximately 90% of native population was wiped out due to smallpox)

→ However, the new world had some benefits over the introduction of European technology.

(note that the “new” world already had complex, specialized, and systemized societies)

__**1st Great Awakening**__ 

movement to revive the church from the 1730s to the 1740s

Religious revival movement (predestination vs. salvation)

Old lights vs new lights

Important people of the movement and their contributions:

Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield

Methodists and Baptists grew
Splits in denominations such as the Congregationalists, Presbyterians

Middle Passage

slave trade route through which slaves were imported from Africa (mainly from modern-day Benin)

→ Many slaves died by poor ship conditions, disease, and abuse

→ Slaves became the new source of labor as majority of the Native American population had declined due to the spread of smallpox

→ Indentured servitude was slowly declining

→ Bacon’s Rebellion

__**Navigation  Act**__

acts by British parliament to restrict trade of colonies to England; as a result, America could only trade with the mother country

→ Mercantilism; an effort to increase revenue from the colonies

→ The extra costs was one grievance leading up to the American Revolution

→ Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English ships

__**Enlightenment**__

movement from Europe during the Renaissance; emphasizes humanism, scientific knowledge, individualism

* A challenge to the 1st Great Awakening and traditionalism
* Ideologies of the Enlightenment resulted in the American Revolution
* John Locke’s life, liberty, property → Thomas Jefferson’s life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
* Checks and balances
* Separation of powers
* Idea that the people can overthrow the government if it oppresses their rights

__**Jamestown labor systems**__

* The main cash crop of Jamestown was tobacco
* The main labor system used was indentured servitude
* The first African American slaves had arrived at Jamestown
* There were issues with the labor system due to poor working conditions

Bacon's Rebellion (aka Chesapeake Revolution)

Failed uprising of indentured servants and slaves in Virginia

* Nathaniel Bacon raised an army and conducted a series of raids and massacres in 1676
* Effects: 
* Bacon’s rebellion resulted in a distrust in indentured servitude.  This lead to an increase in african slavery.
* The government had also established stricter policies and the leaders of the rebellion were hanged
* Sharp class differences between the wealthy and poor farmers
* Conflict on the frontiers between settlers and natives
* Colonial resistance to the crown
* Causes: oppressive legislation on the middle class, strict taxes, and the wide gap between the rich and the poor resulted
* Also immediate cause was the lack of support from Gov/ Sir William? Berkeley to prevent the Native American land disputes and fights due to the government’s profitable trade with them. 

__**King Philip's War**__

The first war with Native Americans

* Caused by the Colonies' desire to get more and more land, which the Native Americans resented.
* Began due to Native uprisings against White settlers in 1675.
* Resulted in more freedom for westward expansion for White settlers, while Native Americans were forced away from their land.

__**Early native conflict at Jamestown**__

(definition is self-explanatory)

* First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609-1614)
* Caused by conflict over providing resources (the English were struggling to survive and pressured the natives to share supplies)
* Resulted in the growth of the English colony and decrease in Native American power
* Jamestown Massacre (1622)
* Territorial expansion of the English colony angered the Powhatans
* Resulted in the English lacking supplies for the winter, leading to the Great Starvation of 1622

__**Compare/Contrast New England and Chesapeake**__

(no definition)

* New England
* Economic
* fishing, whaling, timber industry, trade of manufactured goods, ship building; small farms; colonies traded with Britain and there is a major port in Boston; some indentured servitude, less slavery of Africans
* Social
* Puritans and separatists; tension about religious freedom; people were family and community centric; conflict with local native tribes
* Political
* government centered around the church; form of direct democracy, only male members of the church could vote; laws and trials for speaking against Christianity
* Chesapeake
* Economic
* Large-scale agriculture for cash crops (MAINLY TOBACCO, indigo, cotton); reliance on indentured servitude
* Social
* Planters dominate the social hierarchy, religious freedom to SOME EXTENT, weak family life
* Political
* Governor and council that was appointed by the crown; assembly elected by the people; frequent town meetings; republican democracy

__**Decline of native population**__ 

native population began to decline rapidly due to the arrival of colonists from Europe

* Approximately 90% of native population declined due to the spread of smallpox
* Later in the late 1700s, smallpox blankets were given to native tribes
* Much of the native population declined due to forced relocation and violence with nearby settlers
* Violent revolts such as the Bacon's Rebellion led to the decrease of the native population

__**Explain the increase in the use of slave labor**__ 

multiple reasons - mainly economic and social

* Much of the native population declined due to the spread of smallpox
* Many people discontinued indentured servitude after Bacon’s Rebellion
* African slave labor was typically cheaper than indentured servitude
* Indentured servants had to be sent free after a certain period, but african slaves could work for their entire lives.
* The southern economy became highly dependent on agriculture (especially cotton after the invention of the cotton gin); this resulted in the increase of slavery (especially of African Americans)
* Reduced migration (increased wages in England → reduction of immigration to the colonies)  

__**Loyalists (Tories) v Patriots**__

loyalists supported GB and King George III, while patriots advocated for independence from GB

* loyalists were wealthy elites who wanted to keep their wealth and land (they had good relations with the Parliament or were employed in their positions by the Parliament), therefore, they supported GB
* patriots were mainly middle class Americans who could not afford the heavy taxes imposed on them
* Most people in the colonies were neutralists (did not support either side) because they wanted to keep peace
* However, many began to join the Patriot cause
* Common Sense by Thomas Paine
* “Give me Liberty or Give me Death” by Patrick Henry

__**Cotton Gin**__

machine created to quickly and easily separate cotton fibers from seeds; invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

* This invention led to faster, mass-production of cotton in the South
* “King Cotton”
* As cotton became the main cash crop of the south, slavery increased significantly 

__**Constitution**__

the U.S. Constitution was proposed as a replacement to the Articles of Confederation; the current constitution

* The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia in 1787; it was ratified in 1788, and put into effect in 1789
* Limited extreme power of the government through checks and balances, separation of powers, etc.

__**Bill of Rights**__

Includes the first 10 amendments of the U.S. constitution

* Somewhat parallel to the English Bill of Rights and based on the grievances of the colonists during the American Revolution
* Guarantees civil rights and liberties to individuals
* Proposed by James Madison
* The Anti-Federalists wanted to include a Bill of Rights in fear that the central government would be too powerful
* The Federalists were against this, thinking it is unnecessary

__**Federalist vs Anti Federalist**__

* Federalists valued a stronger national government and supported the ratification of the Constitution.
* Anti- Federalists who were worried about the protection of people’s rights and favored a weak central government, were against the ratification of the constitution.
* Anti-Federalists argued that they would only ratify the constitutions if a Bill of Rights were added.

__**Whiskey Rebellion**__

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against tax on Whiskey (which was a part of Hamilton’s Economic plan).

* George Washington showed that the new centralized government has the strength to enforce their laws by sending a military to stop the rebellion.

__**3/5th compromise:**__

* Three out of every Five slaves were counted for legislation and taxation
* This helped the South greatly in representation in Congress

__**Great Compromise**__

settled during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, also known as the Connecticut Compromise

* Settled disputes over the Constitution
* Divided the legislative branch into the Senate and the House of Representatives
* Meant to protect the rights of states and limit excessive federal power

__**Federalists vs Democratic Republicans**__

* Federalists
* Believed in a strong central government and weaker state governments, strong army
* Hamilton’s Financial Plan, Jay’s Treaty
* Looser interpretation of the Constitution
* Democratic Republicans
* Believed in strong state governments and state’s rights, personal liberty, westward expansion
* Strict interpretation of the Constitution

__**Declaration of Independence**__

unanimous document that declares the U.S. as an independent nation

* Adopted in the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776
* Preamble, list of grievances, declaration, signatures
* “All men are created equal”
* “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
* Inspired by John Locke’s 3 natural rights
* Reflects Enlightenment ideals

__**Common Sense**__

pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

* Advocated for American Independence, encouraged more neutralists to join the Patriot cause
* Paine argues for the creation of a democratic republic free from tyrannical monarchy

__**William Lloyd Garrison**__

radical abolitionist; wrote “the liberator” 

* he burned a copy of the constitution because it was a proslavery document, he believed in the immediate abolition of slavery without compensating owners

__**American Colonization Society**__

Organized in 1816 and encouraged free black Americans to go back to Africa.

* Resulted in the founding of the West African Nation of Liberia 
* Many black people and black abolitionists were against these efforts because 

__**Era of Good Feelings**__

period from 1815 to 1825 that marked nationalism and economic prosperity after the War of 1812

* The Federalist Party collapsed
* Gathered support for the Monroe Doctrine
* President Monroe established the Second National Bank

__**2nd Wave of Immigration**__

Large-scale immigration from northern and western Europe from the 1840s to the 1850s

* Immigration of the Irish and German
* Ireland was undergoing the Great Potato Famine and Germany was undergoing economic hardships and civil unrest to an extent
* People were unhappy about this because job occupations were taken up by immigrants
* Resulted in in the concept of “nativism” to appear
* Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic

__**2nd Great Awakening**__

Second religious revival movement in the early 1800s

* Causes: few church attendances, wealth and rationalism dominating religion
* Effects: formation of many Utopian societies (most to all failed), reform movements, the question of expanding rights to what groups
* Temperance, abolition, women’s rights, schools, asylums, etc.
* Most important Utopian societies: Oneida, Brook Farm, New Harmony, Fruitlands, Shakers

__**Nativism**__

Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic ideologies; belief in white, Christian American superiority

* The American (Know-Nothing) Party strongly advocated their nativist beliefs
* Nativism intensifies during the 2nd Wave of Immigration, with the arrival of Irish immigrants due to the Great Potato Famine

__**Manifest Destiny**__

idea that the American dream is westward expansion (supported by religious reasons)

* Think about “The White Man’s Burden” (similar concept that the U.S. should civilize the western territories)
* Resulted in the removal and relocation of native american tribes
* Many people traveled west through the Oregon Trail, California Trail, etc.
* Played a huge role in the annexation of California and Texas
* Creation of nationalism at first
* however, the debate over which states should have slavery intensified 
* Sectionalism of the north and the south

__**Mid-19th century Defense of slavery**__

slavery was defended by many white southerners in the 1800s

* Economic reasons
* Cotton-based economy of the south
* The main cash crop of the south was cotton and slaves mainly worked in cotton plantations. That cotton was traded to the North, and the North used that cotton to manufacture textiles. Therefore, it was argued that ending slavery would not only ruin the economy of the south, but also the economy of the north. 
* Political/legal reasons
* Gag Rule
* All anti-slavery bills were tabled and not taken forward. This was to keep political unity and to defend slavery.
* Social/religious reasons
* Bible
* The idea that “Jesus chose the life of slaves,” and that “if slaves followed their masters, they could achieve salvation”
* Many slaves were converted to Christianity

__**George Fitzhugh**__

the best-known pro-slavery author who justified slavery through sociological theories

* He defended slavery by stating that it was a gentle system that “protected the inferior black race” and promoted social harmony
* Argued that all labor should be enslaved

__**Hinton Helper**__

American southern abolitionist author

* Argued that slavery was not a factor of southern economic progress
* Attacked slavery before the Civil War

__**Andrew Jackson-King or hero of the common man**__

* Andrew Jackson led the U.S. to victory in the Battle of New Orleans (1815)
* Led victory during the Seminole Wars
* Hero of common man
* Advocated for westward expansion to provide economic equality to common-man settlers
* However, Jackson did support slavery
* May be known as “King Andrew” 
* Exercised his presidential powers beyond the limit
* Veto of the Bank Bill (national bank)

__**Tariff of abominations/Nullification**__

The tariff was a part of the American system and sought to protect Northern and Western foreign products from competition with foreign exports.

* Strongly disliked by southerners because it was an extra tax on foreigners goods that only benefited the industrialized South

Nullification was the South’s effort to reject the tariff of make is “void”. 

* Resulted in President Jackson becoming elected

__**Indian Removal**__

Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by President Andrew Jackson

* Lands west of the Mississippi given to settlers in exchange for native land
* The spread of the concept of “Manifest Destiny” contributed to Indian removal
* Natives were forced to relocate to reservations

__**Jackson’s reasons for “killing” the bank**__

* Jackson believed that the National Bank took away state rights
* He also believed that there was corruption amongst elites in the bank system
* Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank, and instead, established pet banks for federal funds
* Wanted the bank to fund for westward expansion

__**American System**__

* Designed by Henry Clay
* Strong tariffs to protect ‘infant industries’ (helped North(most industry lied there))
* A national bank to regulate currency (helped North (large economic sector))
* Internal Improvements- infrastructure in the developing West (helped the West(allowed for faster exporting of the breadbasket’s produce + increased ease of settling))


* The South was angered, especially by the tariff(referred to it as the 
* Tariff of Abominations), (it even made them threaten secession)
* Such tensions lead to the Nullification Crisis

__**Whig Party**__

A political party formed in the 1830s to oppose Andrew Jackson

* Their opposition to Jackson was the main thing that kept the party together
* Will eventually fall after Jackson Dies. This is because of differences in regards to slavery

__**Causes of the Mexican American War**__

* Annexation of Texas
* Land disputes in general (especially over the boundary between the U.S. and Texas on the Nueces River and Rio Grande)
* Slidell Mission
* Last attempt to gain California
* President Polk sent John Slidell to offer $25 million for the territory, but the offer was declined
* Manifest Destiny
* westward expansion
* Thornton Affair 1846
* President Polk sent soldier to disputed territory; some soldiers die
* Spots Resolution (whether the soldiers died on American soil or not) proposed by Lincoln
* Mexican-American War was waged

__**Mexican American War effects**__

* The U.S. received the Mexican cession
* Allowed the U.S. to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and gain access to resources and ports
* Arizona, New Mexico, California, and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado
* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
* later on the Gadsden Purchase
* Allowed for the transcontinental railroad to be built
* Intensified the debate over which states should legalize slavery
* sectionalism

__**Gettysburg Address**__

Speech given by Lincoln during the Civil War on November 19, 1863 in the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

* Encourages people to continue fighting and not let the sacrifices of the people who died be in vain.
* “All men are created equal”
* Advanced the cause of democratic government in the United States and inspired democracy around the world

__**Gold Rush**__

Gold discovered in California led to an influx of foreigners from China, South America, Ireland, and Americans came in search of gold.

* As a result, California was one of the most diverse states at the time
* Many made money by selling things like pickaxes, shovels, etc.
* However, most people were unsuccessful in finding gold
* “Manifest Destiny”

__**Bartolome de las Casas**__

Spanish-Dominican priest and reformer who advocated in favor of Native rights and humane treatment

* De las Casas’s support of Native rights would ultimately lead to the increase in African slavery
* Called for the abolition of Native American slavery

__**Juan Sepulveda**__

Spanish humanist lawyer who supported the enslavement of natives

* Argued for the property rights of colonists and that natives had to be enslaved to civilize the settlements

__**Encomienda system**__ 

Forced and unpaid labor system of Native Americans used by Spanish colonists

* Natives were given military protection and were converted to Christianity (subjected to violence if they did not convert)
* One of the early forms of slavery in the New World
* Encomienda system was used less due to the spread of disease among native americans and intermarriage

__**Market Revolution**__

improvements in agriculture, industries, and transportation due to the advancement of technology → capitalism

* This resulted in the northern, western, and southern economies being links together and somewhat dependent on one another
* Building of canals - Erie Canal
* Lined western farms with Eastern manufacturing in NY with transcontinental railroads and other transportation improvements 
* Steamboats
* Land was granted to people 
* Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney
* Factory system
* Cotton gin, spinning machine,

__**N.E., Middle, Southern colonies**__

* New England
* Economic
* Some indentured servitude, less slavery of Africans; economy ran on shipbuilding, rope making, timbering, fishing, and there were small farms; trade of manufactured goods with Britain; major port in Boston
* Social
* Settlers were separatists and Puritans; tension regarding religious freedom; people were family and community centric; conflict with local native tribes
* Political
* Form of direct democracy, however, only white male members of the church could vote; no separation of church and state; strict laws and trials for speaking against Christianity
* Middle
* Economic
* Trade and agriculture; reliance on African slaves and indentured servants; major fur trade business; economy ran on wheat, corn, fishing, hunting
* Social
* Diversity among settlers and more religious toleration; Quakers; mostly friendly relations with the natives; equality to some extent
* Political
* Democracy; assemblies elected twice a year and the governor was elected annually; frequent town meetings; leaders did not have absolute power; decisions made by charter companies
* Southern
* Economic
* Heavy reliance on agriculture due to the warm climate (tobacco, rice, and indigo are major exports); reliance on slave labor from the transatlantic slave trade; indentured servitude; plantation systems 
* Social
* Tension and violence between settlers and natives; wealthy plantation owners given more rights; high association with Anglican church; social hierarchy; some peace with local native tribes
* Political
* House of Burgesses; form of republican democracy; frequent town meetings; strict laws and military discipline, companies of the crown appointed governors

__**Lowell Girls**__ 

Young female workers who worked in textile mills (during the beginning of the Market revolution).

* Lowell Textile Mills were in Massachusetts
* One of the first opportunity for women to work 
* The young women protested and went on strike due to the lowering of wages and the increase of rent by the Mill owners.

__**Transportation Revolution**__

Innovation and building of railroads, steamboats, and canals lead to increase in transportation.

* Connected North to West.
* Erie Canal allowed for movement west of the Appalachians and made New York a commercial hub

__**Reconstruction**__ 

* Efforts to reincorporate the south into the U.S.
* Lincoln did not want to “punish” the south for seceding and forming the Confederacy
* 10% Plan
* 10% of former Confederates take an oath of loyalty

  __**Civil Disobedience**__   

If the government came up with an unjust law, people should break the law even if they go to prison for it.

* In response to slavery, mistreatment of Native Americans, and Mexican American War

__**Utopian Societies**__

separate, perfectionist societies formed during the 2nd Great Awakening

* Oneida
* Founded in 1848, led by John Humphrey Noyes
* “Complex marriage”
* dictatorial 
* Brook Farm
*  Founded by George Ripley in 1841
* Transcendentalism
* Goal to achieve unity between intellect and manual labor
* Society failed due to internal and financial struggles
* New Harmony
*  Founded by Robert Owen
* Secular, socialist community in Indiana
* Failed due to financial problems and disagreement among members of the community
* Shakers 
*  One of the earliest religious communal movements
* celibacy 
* Founded in England in 1747, groups settled in the U.S.
* Utopian community died out by the mid-1900s
* Amana Colonies
*  Settlers in Iowa who were mainly Germans involved in the religious reform movement known as Pietism
* Simple, communal living
* Fourier Phalanxes

__**John Calhoun**__

American statesmen and political theorist from South Carolina

* Defended the institution of slavery and state’s rights
* Doctrine of Nullification
* War Hawk → his support for the embargo acts and denunciation of British attacks played a role in supporting the War of 1812 to start

__**Compromise 1850**__

Tensions after the Mexican- American due to arguments over whether or not slavery should be allowed in the new land America acquired after the war resulted in a need for a compromise.

Main points include:

* Admission of California as a free state.
* Fugitive Slave act (which demands that Northerners return fugitive slaves to the South)
*  Letting New Mexico and Utah choose whether they want to legalize slavery or not

Will ultimately fail because it failed to fix tensions between North and South. 

__**Popular Sovereignty**__

State are able to decide whether they wanted to be slave of free based on popular vote

* A compromise strategy used in the years between the Civil war.
* Favored by South who wanted to spread slavery 

__**Spot Resolutions**__

* After the annexation of Texas, a conflict between Mexicans and Americans resulted in the death of many Americans 
* Despite the insistence of many to go to war with Mexico, Congressman Lincoln introduced resolution president Polk to consider the exact spot where American blood was spilt. 

__**Charles Grandison Finney**__

most-known leader of the 2nd Great Awakening

* Advocated for perfectionism, supported abolition, opposed traditional Presbyterian beliefs

__**The Liberator**__

The most widely circulated anti-slavery news paper.

* This newspaper was published and edited by William Lloyd Garrison, a white abolitionist.

__**Nat Turner's Rebellion**__ 

Nat Turner lead more than 50 enslaved people in a bloody masacre against white slave owners and their families in Southampton, Virginia

* Killed nearly 60 white people, mostly women and children.
* Slave owners restricted slave’s rights even more than before.
* Resulted in a new wave of laws prohibiting assembly (without a white person), education, and movement of slaves.

__**Hamilton Financial Plan**__

* Bank of the United States
* High tariffs to protect industry and collection of taxes
* restart/assume state debt
* Encourages manufacturing 
* Coining of money

__**State Debt/Assumption of Debt**__

Part of Hamilton’s Financial Plan; Jefferson opposed this (believed that the federal government would be overpowered and states would not have a strong input to the government)

* Starting a new national debt by having the government pay off the current debt by incorporating it into taxes and altering treasury bonds (?) 
* With the purpose to increase the national credit market and to limit state power

__**Jefferson and yeoman Farmers**__

Yeoman farmers were small landowners who farmed their own lands

* Jefferson was a democratic-republican who believed in personal liberty and more economic rights to the common people (?)
* Visioned an agrarian republic
* Proposed to distribute land amongst yeoman farmers
* Were ideal citizens in Jefferson’s view: “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”

__**Thomas Paine**__

An influential writer who was a part of the American Independence movement; he took inspiration from the Enlightenment.

* Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called the Common Sense listing all the reasons why the colonies should be independent from Britain.
* This influences the concepts of the Declaration of independence.