Problem Set 3-4

Problem sets 3 and 4

Why does a receptor not directly activate an effector protein?

Signal transduction proteins amplify the signal by several orders of magnitude

cAMP produced by adenylyl cyclase activates _____

PKA

Which two molecules are required to activate PKC?

1. DAG

2. Ca2+

When a protein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), it forms condensates. The interior of the condensate corresponds to the 1. ______ phase, while the exterior corresponds to the 2. ______ phase.

1. dense

2. dilute

True/False: Biomolecular condensates only exist in the cytosol of human cells.

False

Name two examples for membrane-less compartments that are found in the cytosol of human cells

1. Stress granule

2. P bodies

The Vmax of glucose transport into human cells called depends on ___________.

the amount of transporters

Dephosphorylation of the Na+/K+ ATPase triggers ___________.

release of K+ into the cytosol

Which type of membrane transport proteins has the highest rate of transport?

Channels

Which statement is NOT correct?

1. there is more K+ inside the cell than outside

2. there is more Na+ outside the cell than inside

3. there is more Cl- inside the cell than outside

4. there is more Ca2+ outside the cell than inside

3. there is more Cl- inside the cell than outside

Hydrophobic signaling molecules require __________.

a receptor in the cytosol

Cleavage of PIP2 gives rise to which second messenger?

IP3

Which of the following terms is NOT an extracellular signaling mechanism?

1. endocrine

2. cell-cell contacts

3. paracrine

4. optocrine

4. optocrine

Cleavage of PIP2 gives rise to which second messenger?

DAG

How many TMDs do GPCRs have?

7

The carboxyterminus of a GPCR faces the ______

cytosol

which subunit of trimeric G proteins binds GDP/GTP?

Alpha

Activation of PKC requires _____

Ca2+