Studied by 83 people
conversion disorder
The person suddenly develops neurological symptoms, such as blindness, seizures, or paralysis. The symptoms suggest an illness related to neurological damage, but medical tests indicate that the bodily organs and nervous system are fine.
depersonalization
Experiences of detachment from one’s mental processes or body
depersonalization/derealization disorder
Involves a disconcerting and disruptive sense of detachment from one’s self or surroundings
derealization
Experiences of unreality of surroundings
dissociation
Core feature of each dissociative disorder; involves some aspect of emotion, memory, or experience being inaccessible consciously
dissociative amnesia
Lack of conscious access to memory, typically of a stressful experience.
dissociative disorders
Depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder belong to what category?
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
At least two distinct personalities that act independently of each other
explicit memory tests
Remembering specific things such as words
factitious disorder
Falsification of psychological or physical symptoms, without evidence of gains from those symptoms
fugue subtype
Type of dissociative amnesia where memory loss is more extensive; people can disappear from home and work, take on a new name and a new life; succeed in establishing a fairly complex social life
iatrogenic
Alters are created within treatment
illness anxiety disorder
Unwarranted fears about a serious illness in the absence of any significant somatic symptoms
implicit memory tests
Experimenters determine if word lists have subtler effects on performance
malingering
Intentionally faking psychological or somatic symptoms to gain from those symptoms
posttraumatic model of DID
Proposes that some people are likely to use dissociation to cope with trauma and that dissociation is the key reason people develop alters after trauma
sociocognitive model of DID
People who have been abused seek explanations for their symptoms and distress, and alters appear in response to suggestions by therapists, exposure to media reports of DID, or other cultural influences
somatic symptom disorder
Excessive thought, distress, and behavior related to somatic symptoms
somatic symptom and related disorders
Defined by excessive concerns about physical symptoms or health
alogia
Significant reduction in the amount of speech
anhedonia
Loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experiences of pleasure
anticipatory pleasure
Refers to the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities
antipsychotic drugs
Medication for schizophrenia (also referred to as neuroleptics); reduced hospital stay
asociality
Severe impairments in social relationships
avolition
Lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including work or school, hobbies, or social activities
blunted effect
A lack of outward expression of emotion
brief psychotic disorder
Lasts from 1 day to 1 month and is often brought on by extreme stress such as bereavement
catatonia
People with this symptom may gesture repeatedly, using peculiar and sometimes complex sequences of finger, hand, and arm movements, which often seem to be purposeful; seldom seen today in people with schizophrenia perhaps due to medication
clinical high-risk study
Source of APS (Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome); starting point is reliable identification of youth who present with mild positive symptoms that might later develop into schizophrenia; a design that identifies people with early, attenuated signs of schizophrenia, most often milder forms of hallucinations, delusions, or disorganization that cause impairment
cognitive remeditation
Treatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions such as verbal listening ability
consummatory pleasure
Refers to the amount of pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of something pleasurable
delusional disorder
Troubled by persistent delusions; can be delusions of persecution or jealousy, such as unfounded conviction that a spouse or lover is unfaithful
delusions
Beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held despite disconfirming evidence; common positive symptoms of schizophrenia
disorganized behavior
People with this symptom may go into inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unusual clothes, act silly, hoard food, or collect garbage; they seem to lose ability to organize their behavior and make it conform to community standards
disorganized speech
Also known as formal thought disorder; refers to problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand
disorganized symptoms
Include disorganized speech and disorganized behavior
expressed emotion (EE)
Expressions of hostility toward and emotional overinvolvement with the ill, schizophrenic relative; how you convey your feelings and thoughts toward a loved one living with schizophrenia
familial high-risk study
Include people with a family history of schizophrenia; begins with one or two biological parents with schizophrenia and follows their offspring longitudinally to identify how many of these children may develop schizophrenia and what types of childhood neurobiological and behavioral factors may predict the disorder’s onset
grandiose delusions
Exaggerated sense of importance, power, knowledge, or identity
hallucinations
Sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment
ideas of reference
Incorporating unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into the trivial activities of others
loose associations (derailment)
A person may be successful in communicating but has difficulty sticking to one topic
negative symptoms
Behavioral deficits in motivation, pleasure, social closeness, and emotion expression
positive symptoms
Excesses and distortions, and include hallucinations and delusions
schizoaffective disorder
Comprises a mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders
schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness; and disturbances in behavior, such as a disheveled appearance.
schizophreniform disorder
Same symptoms as schizophrenia but last only 1 to 6 months
second-generation antipsychotic drugs
Might be more effective than first-generation antipsychotics; called as such because their mechanism of action is different from first generation antipsychotics
social skills training
Designed to teach people with schizophrenia how to successfully manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations
anorexia nervosa
Characterized by restriction of behaviors that promote healthy body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or behavior that interferes with gaining weight, and distorted body image or sense of body shape
binge eating disorder
This disorder includes recurrent binges (one time per week for at least 3 months), lack of control during the bingeing episode, and distress about bingeing, as well as other characteristics, such as rapid eating and eating alone. As with bulimia nervosa, binges often include sweets and other rapidly consumed foods. It is distinguished from bulimia, however, by the absence of compensatory behaviors (purging, fasting, or excessive exercise) and from anorexia by the absence of weight loss.
body mass index (BMI)
Severity ratings for anorexia nervosa, although not perfect
bulimia nervosa
This disorder involves episodes of rapid consumption of a large amount of food, followed by compensatory behavior such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.
obese
A person with a BMI greater than 30
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
At least 18, evidence of conduct disorder before 15, pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since 15 shown by at least three of the following: repeated law-breaking, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritabiliy and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for own safety and others’, irresponsibility, lack of remorse
avoidant personality disorder
Fearful of criticism, rejection, and disapproval that they will avoid jobs or relationships to protect themselves from negative feedback; four or more of the following from early adulthood across many contexts: avoidance of occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked, restrained in intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed, preoccupation with being criticized or rejected, inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy, views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior, unusually reluctant to try new activities because they may prove embarrassing
borderline personality disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of instability in relationships, self-image, and impulsivity from early adulthood across many contexts: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable interpersonal relationships in which others are either idealized or devalued, unstable sense of self, self-damaging, impulsive behaviors in at least two areas such as spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating, recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behavior, marked mood reactivity, chronic feelings of emptiness, recurrent bouts of intense or poorly controlled anger, during stress, a tendency to experience transient paranoid thoughts and dissociative symptoms
dependent personality disorder
Core feature is excessive reliance on others; at least five of the following from early adulthood: difficulty making decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others, need for others to take responsibility for most major areas of life, difficulty disagreeing with others for fear of losing their support, difficulty doing things on own or starting projects because of lack of self-confidence, doing unpleasant things to obtain the approval and support of others, feelings of helplessness when alone because of fears of being unable to care for self, urgently seeking new relationship when one ends, preoccupation with fears of having to take care of self
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
Combines empathy and acceptance with cognitive behavioral problem-solving, emotion-regulation techniques, and social skills training.
histrionic personality disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of excessive emotionality and attention seeking from early adulthood across many contexts: strong need to be the center of attention, inappropriate sexually seductive behavior, rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions, use of physical appearance to draw attention to self, speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail, exaggerated, theatrical expression, overly suggestible, misreads relationships as more intimate than they are
mentalization therapy
Focuses on helping the client to be more reflective about their own feelings, and those of other people, to avoid acting automatically without thinking when emotions or interpersonal stressors occur
narcissistic personality disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy from early adulthood across many contexts: grandiose view of one’s importance, preoccupation with one’s success, brilliance, beauty, belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people, extreme need for admiration, strong sense of entitlement, tendency to exploit others, lack of empathy, envious of others, arrogant behavior or attitudes
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
At least four of the following from early adulthood across many contexts: preoccupation with rules, details, and organization to the extent that the point of an activity is lost, extreme perfectionism interferes with task completion, excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships, inflexibility about morals and values, difficulty discarding worthless items, reluctance to delegate unless others conform to standards, miserliness, and rigidity & stubbornness
paranoid personality disorder
4 or more from early adulthood across many contexts: unjustified suspiciousness of being harmed, deceived, or exploited, unwarranted doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates, reluctance to confide in others because of suspiciousness, tendency to read hidden meanings into benign actions of others, bears grudges, angry reactions to perceived attacks on character or reputation, unwarranted suspiciousness of partner’s fidelity
personality disorder
Defined by enduring problems with forming a stable positive identity and with sustaining close and constructive relationships. Although all these disorders are defined by extreme and inflexible traits, these 10 cover a broad range of symptom profiles.
personality trait domains
one type of dimensional personality scores with five categories
personality trait facets
one type of dimensional personality scores with 25 more specific traits
psychopathy
Predates DSM diagnosis of APD; criteria focus on thoughts and feelings; positive and negative poverty of emotions; no sense of shame and positive emotions are an act
schizoid personality disorder
4 or more from early adulthood across many contexts: lack of desire for enjoyment of close relationships, almost always prefers solitude to companionship, little interest in sex, few or no pleasurable activities, lack of friends, indifference to praise or criticism, flat affect, emotional detachment or coldness
schizotypal personality disorder
5 or more from early adulthood across many contexts: ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g. belief in extrasensory perception), unusual perceptions, odd thought and speech, suspiciousness or paranoia, inappropriate or restricted affect, odd or eccentric behavior or appearance, lack of close friends, social anxiety does not diminish with familiarity
transference-focused therapy
Places emphasis on the relationship with the therapist, and on the powerful feelings that clients with borderline personality disorder sometimes develop toward their therapists. The therapist helps clients consider parallels between their response to the therapist and their experiences in other relationships, as a way of helping clients understand and manage their relationships in a healthier manner
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