AP Euro. -- Pre-WWI Chapter 24

Marie Curie

Discovers the radiation emitted by radium shows subatomic particles in atom contrary to Newton

Planck’s Quantum Theory

Energy radiates unevenly contrary to Newton

Einstein’s Relativity Theory

Space and time are relative to people and matter is just another form of energy.

Nietzsche

Glorifies the irrational and believes Europeans have killed God and must create a new higher being of freedom.

Bergson

Believes irrational is more common than rational in life, reality must be experienced

Sorel

Combines Bergson and Nietzsche’s ideas to use irrational emphasis to show Revolutionary Socialism will only occur with violence and General Strike to inspire workers to act

Freud

With the use of psychoanalysis and the id, ego, and superego, shows that behavior is irrationally driven rather than purely reasonable

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin’s ideas to society with the belief that nations and races are in a struggle for survival and the fittest advance.

Spencer

GB, most prominent writer on Social Darwinism

Chamberlain

Writer of the Foundations of the 19th Century who spread the idea of the superior Aryan race and Volkish nationalism

Anticlericalism

The decline of Church power by political means

Modernism

Religious movement that seeked to advance Christianity to the modern era, led to condemnation in 1907

Pius IX

Pope that condemned modern ideals of nationalism, socialism, and religious tolerance + other freedoms

Leo XIII

Pope that compromised with Modernism to allow Catholic socialism with specific Catholic political parties and unions.

Salvation Army

Christian movement that tried to endorse salvation through charity to working class.

Naturalism

New idea of realism with social concerns and a more pessimistic irrational view of the world.

Zola

details social concerns like alcoholism in urban areas

Tolstoy

“War and Peace” shows a realistic and fatalistic view of life

Dostoevsky

Irrational glorification and focus on spirituality to revive society.

Symbolism

Counter to realism, literature where the world is seen as symbols of the individual human’s mind and expression, focus on personal language obscures it

Impressionism

Wealthy m-c artists focus on nature after being rejected by schools, focus on dynamic light, brushstrokes, and the impression of scenes.

Morisot

First very wealthy female artist and activist and uniquely feminine touch to art

Post-Impressionism

A more subjective version of Impressionism using line and color to express feeling versus reality. Includes Van Gogh, Cezanne.

Cubism

Art movement popularized by Picasso using geometry to form reality to viewers

Abstraction

Art movement using color and avoiding representation to channel emotion and soul, popularized by Kandisky

Debussy

Impressionist music focuses on the beauty of sound rather than a linear story.

Pankhurst

Suffragist who sought women’s suffrage through stunts to push the issue

Suffragists

Movement for women’s right to vote

Suttner

Feminist who looked for peace in arms race with Lay Down Your Arms

Antisemitism

The religious persecution and discrimination of Jewish people

Zionism

The belief that Jewish people should form their own state rather than assimilate, heavily spread by Herzl.

David Lloyd George

Great British Prime Minister who introduced social reforms to liberal party and made a progressive era

National Insurance Act of 1911

Legislation under George to make workers reforms for pensions and healthcare.

Dreyfus

A Jewish millitary officer who was falsely accused of treason and led to the radicalization of the French Republic

Witte

Russian administrator who introduced new industrial economy and railroads to Russia

Bloody Sunday

the violent put-down of a peaceful protest against working conditions in Russia

October Manifesto

Russian government legislation that gave more freedoms and created the legislative assembly Duma to shut up middle-class

Progressive Era

the era in American politics of new social reforms and labor reforms

White Man’s Burden

the belief that colonizers had the burden to “civilize and enlight” native peoples.

Boer Conflict

Conflict between Great Britain and South African Boers that led to the formation of the SA Republic

King Leopold II

Belgian King who expanded into Central Africa for hopes of raw materials and profits

Open Door Policy

The belief that no European power should have too much influence over a country’s affairs

Boxer Rebellion

the antiforeign rebellion that later led to instability and the creation of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-Sen

Meiji Restoration

The era under Emperor Mutsuhito of modernization, industrialization, and imperialism of Japan

Indian National Congress

1889 the Congress for independence in India formed by educated Indians

Treaty of San Stefano

The creation of the Bulgarian state

Congress of Berlin

Destroys Treaty of SS, weakens Bulgaria and returns to some Ottoman control and independence + Austrian control of Bosnia

Triple Entente

The alliance between Fr. GB. Rus.

Triple Alliance

DE, Aust, It.

1st Balkan War

Ottoman Empire as main opponent

2nd Balkan War

Bulgaria as main opponent but Serbia still wants more power and leads to increased tensions