Studied by 1 person
Marie Curie
Discovers the radiation emitted by radium shows subatomic particles in atom contrary to Newton
Planck’s Quantum Theory
Energy radiates unevenly contrary to Newton
Einstein’s Relativity Theory
Space and time are relative to people and matter is just another form of energy.
Nietzsche
Glorifies the irrational and believes Europeans have killed God and must create a new higher being of freedom.
Bergson
Believes irrational is more common than rational in life, reality must be experienced
Sorel
Combines Bergson and Nietzsche’s ideas to use irrational emphasis to show Revolutionary Socialism will only occur with violence and General Strike to inspire workers to act
Freud
With the use of psychoanalysis and the id, ego, and superego, shows that behavior is irrationally driven rather than purely reasonable
Social Darwinism
the application of Darwin’s ideas to society with the belief that nations and races are in a struggle for survival and the fittest advance.
Spencer
GB, most prominent writer on Social Darwinism
Chamberlain
Writer of the Foundations of the 19th Century who spread the idea of the superior Aryan race and Volkish nationalism
Anticlericalism
The decline of Church power by political means
Modernism
Religious movement that seeked to advance Christianity to the modern era, led to condemnation in 1907
Pius IX
Pope that condemned modern ideals of nationalism, socialism, and religious tolerance + other freedoms
Leo XIII
Pope that compromised with Modernism to allow Catholic socialism with specific Catholic political parties and unions.
Salvation Army
Christian movement that tried to endorse salvation through charity to working class.
Naturalism
New idea of realism with social concerns and a more pessimistic irrational view of the world.
Zola
details social concerns like alcoholism in urban areas
Tolstoy
“War and Peace” shows a realistic and fatalistic view of life
Dostoevsky
Irrational glorification and focus on spirituality to revive society.
Symbolism
Counter to realism, literature where the world is seen as symbols of the individual human’s mind and expression, focus on personal language obscures it
Impressionism
Wealthy m-c artists focus on nature after being rejected by schools, focus on dynamic light, brushstrokes, and the impression of scenes.
Morisot
First very wealthy female artist and activist and uniquely feminine touch to art
Post-Impressionism
A more subjective version of Impressionism using line and color to express feeling versus reality. Includes Van Gogh, Cezanne.
Cubism
Art movement popularized by Picasso using geometry to form reality to viewers
Abstraction
Art movement using color and avoiding representation to channel emotion and soul, popularized by Kandisky
Debussy
Impressionist music focuses on the beauty of sound rather than a linear story.
Pankhurst
Suffragist who sought women’s suffrage through stunts to push the issue
Suffragists
Movement for women’s right to vote
Suttner
Feminist who looked for peace in arms race with Lay Down Your Arms
Antisemitism
The religious persecution and discrimination of Jewish people
Zionism
The belief that Jewish people should form their own state rather than assimilate, heavily spread by Herzl.
David Lloyd George
Great British Prime Minister who introduced social reforms to liberal party and made a progressive era
National Insurance Act of 1911
Legislation under George to make workers reforms for pensions and healthcare.
Dreyfus
A Jewish millitary officer who was falsely accused of treason and led to the radicalization of the French Republic
Witte
Russian administrator who introduced new industrial economy and railroads to Russia
Bloody Sunday
the violent put-down of a peaceful protest against working conditions in Russia
October Manifesto
Russian government legislation that gave more freedoms and created the legislative assembly Duma to shut up middle-class
Progressive Era
the era in American politics of new social reforms and labor reforms
White Man’s Burden
the belief that colonizers had the burden to “civilize and enlight” native peoples.
Boer Conflict
Conflict between Great Britain and South African Boers that led to the formation of the SA Republic
King Leopold II
Belgian King who expanded into Central Africa for hopes of raw materials and profits
Open Door Policy
The belief that no European power should have too much influence over a country’s affairs
Boxer Rebellion
the antiforeign rebellion that later led to instability and the creation of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-Sen
Meiji Restoration
The era under Emperor Mutsuhito of modernization, industrialization, and imperialism of Japan
Indian National Congress
1889 the Congress for independence in India formed by educated Indians
Treaty of San Stefano
The creation of the Bulgarian state
Congress of Berlin
Destroys Treaty of SS, weakens Bulgaria and returns to some Ottoman control and independence + Austrian control of Bosnia
Triple Entente
The alliance between Fr. GB. Rus.
Triple Alliance
DE, Aust, It.
1st Balkan War
Ottoman Empire as main opponent
2nd Balkan War
Bulgaria as main opponent but Serbia still wants more power and leads to increased tensions
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