AP world history: AP exam review (the whole course)

Song Dynasty

A period in Chinese history (960-1279 AD) marked by economic prosperity, cultural flourishing, and advancements in technology and agriculture.

Champa Rice

A fast-growing rice variety that led to increased agricultural productivity in China during the Tang and Song dynasties.

Meritocracy

A system in which individuals achieve positions of power based on their talents and abilities rather than their social status.

Grand Canal

An extensive waterway in China that facilitated trade and transportation between the north and south of the country, contributing to economic development.

Dar-al Islam

A term describing countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely, encompassing the Islamic world from Southwest Asia to parts of Africa and beyond.

Mamluk Sultanate

A Muslim empire established in Egypt by Turkish slaves who seized power, known for its cultural and economic achievements.

Silk Road

An ancient network of trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas.

Feudalism

A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by land ownership, vassalage, and the mutual obligations between lords and serfs.

Manorialism

An economic system where landowners had peasants work on their land in exchange for protection and a place to live.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes across the Sahara Desert that connected West Africa with North Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods like gold and salt.

Encomienda System

A Spanish colonial system where settlers were granted the right to demand labor from Indigenous peoples in exchange for protection and religious instruction.

Bantu Migration

The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples across Africa, spreading their language and agricultural practices.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas for forced labor, significantly impacting demographics and economies.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation that transformed economies and societies in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and racism.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries promoting reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.

Laissez-Faire

An economic principle advocating minimal government intervention in the market, allowing individuals to operate businesses freely.

Zionism

A nationalist movement advocating for the re-establishment of a Jewish nation, particularly in Palestine.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization that regulates trade between nations, aiming to ensure trade flows as smoothly and freely as possible.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico aimed at eliminating trade barriers and promoting economic cooperation.

Cultural Exchange

The sharing of ideas, customs, and traditions between different cultures, often facilitated by trade and globalization.

Decolonization

The process through which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, often involving struggle and conflict.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts where two opposing countries support combatants that serve their interests instead of waging war directly against each other.

The Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, characterized by ideological and military rivalry.

Women's Suffrage Movement

The movement advocating for women's right to vote, significant in the push for women's rights and social equality.

Apartheid

A policy of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, often driven by trade, investment, and technology, impacting economies and cultures worldwide.

Scramble for Africa

The late 19th-century competition among European powers to colonize and control African territories, driven by economic, political, and social