Population and Migration

Birth rate

The number of people being born in a population. For example, 14.7 per thousand in Brazil.

Death rate

The number of people dying in a population. For example, 8.8 per thousand in the UK.

Life expectancy

The average number of years of life remaining at a given age. For example, 84 years for women in Switzerland.

Infant mortality rate

A population measure of the number of deaths of children aged less than one year old. For example, 4.5 per thousand in the UK.

Population density

The number of people in a given area. For example, 250 people per one km2 in the UK.

Natural increase

The difference between the birth and death rates. For example, 3.01 per thousand in the UK.

Pull factors

Reasons a person might be attracted to an area, such as access to well-paid employment.

Push factors

Reasons a person might leave an area, such as lack of access to medical services.

Population distribution

Where the people are living, for example, a high density of people in urban areas.

Population growth rate

How a population is changing over time. For example, 1.26% per year in Brazil.

Birth Rate

The frequency of live births within a population, typically expressed per thousand people. For instance, in Brazil, the birth rate is 14.7 per thousand.

Death Rate

The rate at which deaths occur in a population, usually measured per thousand individuals. For example, the UK's death rate is 8.8 per thousand.

Life Expectancy

The average duration of life remaining for individuals at a specific age, exemplified by 84 years for women in Switzerland.

Infant Mortality Rate

A statistic relating to the number of deaths among children under one year of age, such as the UK’s rate of 4.5 deaths per thousand live births.

Population Density

The measure of how many individuals reside within a specific area, exemplified by 250 people per square kilometer in the UK.

Natural Increase

The growth of a population calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate, with the UK demonstrating a natural increase of 3.01 per thousand.

Pull Factors

Elements that attract individuals to a new location, including job opportunities and desirable living conditions.

Push Factors

Circumstances that drive individuals away from their current location, such as inadequate healthcare access.

Population Distribution

The way in which people are spread across different areas. For instance, urban areas tend to have a high concentration of residents.

Population Growth Rate

The rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing over time, as seen in Brazil's growth rate of 1.26% per year.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, which can be influenced by various social, economic, and environmental factors.

Urbanization

The process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas, typically associated with industrialization.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustainably support, factoring in available resources.

High Stationary Stage: (where, birth/death rates, natural increase)

- Stage 1
- Remote groups
- High birth and death
- Slow/stable natural increase
- Reason (Birth Rate): Many children are needed for farming, infant mortality, and society/religion.
- Reason (Death Rate): Disease, famine, poor healthcare

Early Expanding Stage: (where, birth/death rates, natural increase)

- Stage 2
- Yemen, Afghanistan
- High birth, rapidly falling death
- Very rapid natural increase
- Reason (Birth Rate): Many children are needed for farming, infant mortality, and society/religion
- Reason (Death Rate): Improved healthcare, water supply & sanitation, fewer children die.

Late Expanding Stage: (where, birth/death rates, natural increase)

- Stage 3
- India, South Africa
- Falling birth, slower falling death
- Slow natural increase
- Reason (Birth Rate): Improved medicine and health, fewer children needed
- Reason (Death Rate): Improved healthcare, water supply & sanitation, fewer children die.

Low Stationary Stage: (where, birth/death rates, natural increase)

- Stage 4
- USA, France
- Low birth/death
- Stable/slow natural increase
- Reason (Birth Rate): Family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriage
- Reason (Death Rate): Good healthcare, reliable food supply

Declining?

- Stage 5?
- Germany
- Very low birth, low death
- Slow decrease
- Reason (Birth Rate): Family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriage
- Reason (Death Rate): Good healthcare, reliable food supply

Migrant

A person who moves from one place to another in search of work/better living conditions

Immigrant

Someone who moves into a country

Emigrant

moves out of a country

Internal Migration

moving from one place to another within the same country

International Migration

where a person moves from one country to another

Overpopulation

excessive population of an area that leads to overcrowding

Birth rate

No. of births per 1000 people

Death Rate

No. of deaths per 1000 people

Source Country

Country that migrants originally come from

Asylum Seeker

Person who leaves a country for fear of safety

Host Country

Country where the migrant has settled

Densely Populated

A large number of people who live within the same area (in square miles)

Sparsely Populated

A small number of people who live within the same area (in square miles)

Population Density

No. of people who live within a square mile

Sitting Factors

Factors like water supply, food supply and energy that influence how many people can live in an area

One Child Policy

• Recently relaxed to allow parents to have 2 children

• 1979

• Restricted parents to only one child

Little Emperor Syndrome

Children with no siblings receiving excessive attention from parents and grandparents, making them demanding

Gender Imbalance

When there is a greater no. of males than females for a variety of reasons within a society

DTM

A graph that shows the rising/falling birth and death rate for each developmental stage of a country

Population Pyramid

A graph that shows the population structure of a country (separating males and females into different groups)

Economically Active

• 16-65

• Working age

• Capable of paying taxes

Economically Dependant

• 1-15 and 65+

• too old/young to work

• dependant on state for education/welfare

Factors that increase population

• More children needed to work on farms

• Improved healthcare

• Good harvest=reliable food source

• Cultural tradition

Factors Decreasing Population

• War

• Expensive childcare

• Widespread disease

• Education

• Food shortage/famine

Features of Population Pyramid

• Gender

• % of Population

• Age (in 5-year age bands)

Dependants

The very old/very young who can’t support themselves

Natalist Policy

Scheme or law that a govt. may adopt in order to control their population.

Pro-natalist Policy

Encouraging families to have more children. Ex: Sweden, Iran and France

Anti-Natalist Policy

A policy that would encourage families to have fewer children. Ex: One-child policy in China, introduced in 1978-1980

Migration

Movement of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

People choose to leave an area

Forced Migration

People have no choice but to leave an area

International Migration

People move from one country to another

Rural-Urban Immigration

People move from the countryside to the city

Push Factors

Negative factors that make people want to leave an area

Pull Factors

Positive factors that attract people to an area

Economic Migration

Migrating for better employment/money opportunities

Refugee

Person who migrates to escape conflict, war or natural disasters

Reasons for Migration

• Economic: work

• Social: family

• Political: war

• Environmental: natural disasters

China’s One Child Policy Introduced

1979

In the first half of the 19^th century, children were wanted for:

• Agriculture

• Military Strength

Reasons for One Child Policy

• Famine in 1956-61, killed 35M

• Population had doubled, reached around 1M

• Chinese favoured sons

• Not enough food, water and resources

Rules for One Child Policy

• one child.

• if you lived in rural China and your firstborn was a daughter, you could have a son

Penalties: One Child Policy

• 10% pay cut

• Second child abroad couldn’t be a citizen

• Colleagues would have their pay cut

• Healthcare and Education weren’t free

• ‘Granny Police’ were in charge of enforcing it

Positive Effects: One Child Policy

• Food is readily available

• Standard of living improved

• Prevents famine

• Tech/Education

• Development of women

Negative: One Child Policy

• Fertility rate dropped from 2.9 to 1.8

• Gender imbalance

• Girls were unwanted

• 60M more men than women

• Aging population

• Little Emperor Syndrome

Effectiveness: One Child Policy

• Population decreased (250 M)

• Higher standards of education

• Little Emperor Syndrome

• Gender Imbalance

France Code de la Famille: Introduced

1939

Country Details: France Code de la Famille

• 21% of the population was over 60

• By 2050, 1/3^rd of the population would have been over 60+

• The support ratio fell from 7.8 to 4.4 between 1901 to 1995

• Costs the govt. €12.9B each year to support the elderly

Reasons for Introduction: France Code de la Famille

• Very few economically active people

• Over 21% of the population is over 60, and by 2050 1/3^rd would’ve been 60+

• Govt. was paying €12.9 for social security and healthcare of the elderly

Reasons for reduction in the fertility rate in France

• increased population of educated women

• Women having children later

• Women choosing not to have children

Incentives: France Code de la Famille

• 20-40 weeks paid maternity leave

• About €1000 if you have 3 or more kids

• free entrance to public pools and facilities

• subsidised childcare for children of upto 3 months

• full pensions for mothers of multiple children

Effects: France Code de la Famille

• Fertility rate increased to 1.98 from 1.67 in 1992

• Costs the govt. billions of euros/ a year

• Strain on treasury and offering services due to costs

How successful has the France Code de la Famille been?

• Costs money anyway

• Increased fertility rate

• Some say population rise is due to immigration

• UN predicts it won’t rise to predicted levels of 75M

• Unsustainable in long term