Spanish Colonization

What was the term for a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the colonies with pure Spanish descent?

Peninsulares

What was a person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines during the colonial era called?

Insulares or Criollos.

What is the general term for people of mixed European and native heritage in Spanish colonial society?

Mestizo.

A person of mixed Spanish and European ancestry in the colonial Philippines was known as a _____.

Mestizo Espanyoles.

In the colonial social hierarchy, what was a person of mixed Chinese and European ancestry called?

Mestizo Sangleyes.

What term was used to refer to the native Filipinos of unmixed ancestry, who constituted the majority of the population?

Indio or Naturales.

The Spanish colonial social system was profoundly conscious of racial divisions, emphasizing a concept known as _____ (purity of blood).

limpieza de sangre

In the Spanish colonies, what factor determined not only a person’s racial classification but also their position in the social, economic, and political hierarchy?

Color, based on the principle of 'limpieza de sangre'.

In the colonial Philippines, how did dress and adornment function beyond modesty?

They conferred prestige, indicated race, and confirmed political status.

The costumes of the colonized people in the Philippines revealed different degrees of what cultural process?

Hispanization

What was the principle that established the union of the Church and the State in the Spanish empire?

Patronato Real

Under the union of Church and State, what were the respective responsibilities of each institution?

The State handled temporal matters, while the Church handled spiritual matters and evangelization

The Spanish friars wanted the Philippines to become the '_____ of the Faith' in Asia.

arsenal

Why did Spanish Catholic missionaries help implant Castilian culture on Philippine soil?

Because Spanishness was considered virtually synonymous with Catholicism

By Christianizing the Filipinos, the Spanish missionaries were effectively remodeling Filipino culture according to what standard?

The Hispanic standard

What was a negative economic consequence of holding costly Catholic fiestas for many Filipino families?

They often spent a part or the whole of their yearly savings in a single day

Name three examples of Spanish influence on the Filipino language mentioned in the text.

Telling time ('alas singko y media'), counting ('uno, dos, tres'), and family names (De la Cruz, Reyes)

Who was the governor who, in 1849, issued a decree to systematize surnames for Filipino families?

Governor General Narciso Claveria

What was one traditional naming practice before Claveria's decree that was based on location?

after the area where one lived (e.g., Kato Tabing Dagat for living by the seashore)

What was a traditional Filipino naming practice based on lineage mentioned in the source?

Being named as the grandson or child of someone (e.g., 'Apo ni Tuliao' or 'Anak ni Batak').

What was a traditional Filipino naming practice based on a person's appearance?

Being named after a unique physical characteristic (e.g., 'Juang Duling' for being cross-eyed).

What were four other ways of courting mentioned besides non-verbal signals?

Paseo, swimming, equestrian activities, and dancing the rigodon.

Besides language and religion, what time-keeping system was adopted as a result of Spanish colonization?

The Gregorian calendar and the Western method of counting time.

The dawn Masses celebrated during the Christmas season are known as _____ or Misa de Gallo.

Misa de Aguinaldo

What Lenten practice involves the chanting of the Passion of Christ?

Pabasa

What is the term for the Lenten practice of self-flagellation or crucifixion as a form of penance?

Penitensya

What is the name of the religious pageant held in May that reenacts the finding of the Holy Cross?

Santacruzan

What is the term for a religious play depicting the life, suffering, and death of Jesus Christ, performed during Holy Week?

Senakulo

The Spanish imposed a social order where the _____ was considered superior to the _____.

kastila; indio

What method of colonial control involved exploiting local rivalries and conflicts among the native population?

Divide and conquer

What was the term for the Spanish strategy of integrating the Filipino chiefly class into the colonial administrative structure?

Co-optation

What was a major reason Spanish military forces were able to establish authority over the Philippines?

They possessed superior military technology and tactics