Migration, identity and sovereignty (copy)

The Hukou system

It prevents migrants from accessing healthcare - 7 million people don’t have access

If your child moves into the city in hopes to go to uni they can’t go because they are already registered back home and so will have to complete schooling there - 16 million children are ‘left behind’

benefits of the Hukou system

* migrants are responding to job opportunities
* 1984 onwards no permit is needed to leave rural areas

Disadvantages of the Hukou system

* rise in farm productivity leads to a large number of workers being laid off
* the cities ban some jobs for migrants
* migrants can’t access services

China’s statistics

* Shanghai (business district\~0 has a population of 24 million
* China already has 6 mega cities
* 230 million Chinese spend most of their year away from home

what is degregulation?

removing the role of government in the economy and allow for free movement of capital

what is global production network?

goods and services can be produced all over the world using inputs from several sources

Mexico to USA migration

* The government

president Obama called for work permits to be issued to many of the 8 million unauthorised workers living the the USA

Mexico to USA migration

* economic impacts

legal and illegal migrants work long hours for low pay = high unemployment in some cities has led to call about american jobs to be given to american citizens instead

what is a nation?

a large group who are united by history, language, culture in a country which lacks sovereignty

* Eg: Scottish and Welsh

what is a state?

a territory in which no other country holds power

what is nationalism?

the belief held by people belonging to a particular nation that their own interests are much more important then those of people belonging to other nations

what is a tax haven?

they faccilitate the uneven distribution of wealth and capital in favour for more developed nations = often accountants help the wealthy (celebs) sheild assets from their home countrys tax authorities

what is trade liberalisation?

economic efficiency can only be achieved if regulations are removed

what are stateless nations?

culturally homogenous groups of people without a state

* eg: kurds

what are deregulated financial markets?

they allow for more trade as there is less restrictions and regulations

what are open borders?

remove tariffs and allows for free trade, making more profit

what is sovereignty?

the ability of a place and its people to self govern without any outside interference

what is global division of labour?

jobs can be allocated to parts of the world where skills in a particular sector is strongest

* Eg: China and manufacturing

what is segregation (separation)?

a process by which a person is separated on the basis of race, colour, language and religion

what is assimilation (intergration)?

a process which occurs spontaneously and is often unintended in the course between majority and minority groups

what does WHO stand for?

world health organisation

what is WHO

they promote health and their goal is to ensure a billion more people have universal health care

what does UNHCR stand for?

united nations high commissioner for refuges

what is UNHCR?

was created in 1950 to help europeans who had to flee their homes during ww2

what does UNICEF stand for?

united nations international childrens emergency fund

what is UNICEF?

they provide water, hygiene kits and urgent treatment for malnourished children

what does UNEP stand for?

united nations environmental programme

what is UNEP?

provides leadership and encouragement in caring for the environment and inspiring nations to improve their quality of life

what does UNDP stand for?

united nations development programme

what is UNDP?

helps countries to develop skills and partnerships, also shares solutions for climate and disaster resilience

what does WFP stand for?

world food programme

what is WFP?

they deliver food assistance in emergencies and work with communities to improve nutrition

what is the schengen agreement?

a international agreement that aims to make it easier for people to move freely within the EU

push factors of the schengen zone

* braindrain of the population
* war and conflict
* not enough tax payers so people move
* racial abuse

pull factors of the schengen zone

* job opportunities
* a variety of cultures
* more money being spent on services

benefits of the schengen zone

* higher levels of education, result in more people being to provide more money in other countries
* job opportunities as migrants are supplying the economy

problems of the schengen zone

* the possibility of conflict would lead to more immigration
* if one country changes their laws all the other countries will follow

case study: mediterranean migration

* by 2016 an estimated 1 million people had attempted the crossing
* deaths at sea: 700 people died when a boat capsized in rough seas off the Italian coast in April 2014
* political reaction: most Mediterranean migrants arrive in Greece or Italy, neither government wants large numbers of migrants to settle permanently

what is a sphere of influence?

a physical region over which a country believes it has economic, military, cultural or political rights

spheres of influence extended beyond the borders of the country and represent a region where the country believes it has a right to influence the policies of other countries

what does trickle-down mean?

the positive impacts on the peripheral region of wealth creation in core regions. these may include investment (back offices and branch plants) regional aid, grants and the diffusion of innovations technology and infrastructure from the core to periphery

case study: iceland vs singapore

**iceland**

* until the 1900s the physical isolation of iceland ensured its population experienced a strong sense of common idnetity and **cultural homogeneity**
* in 2008 McDonalds closed it’s restaurants in iceland: its high prices has discouraged customers
* the influx of tourists in iceland may lead vistors wanting to permanently settle there, therefore to greeater cultural diversity

**Singapore**

* cultural melting pot: Malay, Chinease, Indian, European influnces all have created the dialect ‘singlish’
* malaysian people are now facing stuggles with job opportunites especiallu with low skilled workers because of covid 19 and borders closing
* chinease migrate to singapore becausse of the demands for a skilled workforce and they have moved due to political views which led to civil wars

what does sovereignty mean?

the ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference

what does homogeneous culture mean?

a society where there is very little cultural or ethnic diversity and most people share cultural traits with one another, including language, religion and dress

case study: ethnic conflict and contensed borders in central Africa

* Europeans powers began to colonise africa in the 1700s
* problems arises from DRC, Uganda and Rwanda were established by Belgium
* the geographical regions traditionally occupied by Tutsi and Hutu people

case study: non recognition of Taiwan

* China has claimed sovereignty over Taiwan since 1949
* mainland China maintain that Taiwan is a part of China
* Taiwan claims independence as a district state and wants to become a member of the UN

case study: post-colonial Vietnam

* during the two decades up to 1887 Vietnam was gradually annexed by French as one of its colonies
* during second world war the colony was invaded and taken over by Japanese forces
* ‘Vietnam war’ after 20 years of fighting and eight years of USA intervention, growing opposition to the war eventually led to US troops being withdrawn in 1973
* more than 3 million people including 58,000 US military personnel were killed, half of these deaths were innocent Vietnamese civilians
* the economic cost of the war to the USA has been put at $950 million
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what is cultural heterogeneity?

a society where there is a high level of cultural and or ethnic diversity among its citizens resulting in a multi-lingual and multi-faith community

what is a tax haven?

tax havnes facilitate the uneven distribution of wealth and capital in favour of more developed nations

what is a failed state?

a country whose government has lost political control and is unable to fulfil the basic responsibility of a sovereign state with severe adverse effects for some or all of its population

case study: Nationalist movement for secession: Catalonia

* Catalan people have their own distinctive culture and language
* since 1979 the Spanish government has recognised Catalonians as a separate nationality within the Spanish state but has not granted full independence

case study: migration in the Netherlands

* historically tolerant of migrants
* around 20% of dutch population are immigrants or children of immigrant parents
* the pressure for assimilation was low in the past
* for non-dutch speakers many government documents were printied in diferent languages (adapting to migration)
* since 1998 there is laws in place which a now perusaing a form of assimilation

how do nation states evolve in a globalising world

geographaical borders are a concequence of physical and historical development (china and india0

other borders are a result of colonial history

case study: contested borders Ukraine and Russia

access to black sea which is viewed as strategically important for russia from a militaty, security perspective

russia have taken over crimea in 2014, which led to its control of the black sea

in 2022 russian forces crossed the border for a full scale invasion of ukraine

the boundaries of russia have changed several times

long term impacts of colonialism

* populations being divided
* changes in political views
* nations becoming more closly knit for independece
* welcoming of multiculturaism
* stronger use of geopolitical connections
* dependecny from home countires

trade embrago

stopping trade

what are economic sanctions

restrictions on trade or cultural exchnage within a particular country in hope it will bring about change

benefits of being in a trade bloc

1. lower prices
2. promotes free trade

how can nationalism be reinforced

1. sport and culture (eg:2012 olympics)
2. political parties (eg:british values)
3. education (history and stoys of traditions)
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why do customers conciously by british products

* support local buisnesses and farmers
* support livleyhoods and jobs
* better quality products and its not been massed produced

case study: Somalia as a failed state

* tens of thoudands of somalians are estimated to have died due to famine however over a third of the population remain in need for food and shelter
* islamic groups have been batteling the UN backed governemnt in somalia and has carried out strig attacks across the state

the shard london

former soviet union countries are buying properties (131 are forgined owned) this can reduce natioalism as there is more foreign born people

antartic treaty

only foucses on the antartic enovronments, it is used for peacful purposes and has prohibted ant measure of miliatary nature from being theere

eu

made of up 27 countries

within borders: Promote peace, the wellness of citizens  , Offer freedom, security and justice, Encourage and promote scientific/technological innovation, Enhance economic solidarity among the EU nations

the world: Uphold its values and interests, Contribute to peace and sustainable development of the earth, Eradicate poverty and protect human rights

postives of eu: Free movement of labour, goods and services, More jobs are available and higher wages due to the EU, Industrialisation evolved dramatically because of the EU

The EU is set to provide Ukraine with up to €18 billion in financial assistance throughout 2023 to cover the basic budgetary needs of the war-torn country by contributing with €1.5 billion a month

the new legislation plans for a 55% CO2 emission reduction target for new cars and 50% for new vans by 2030 compared to 2021 levels and for a 100% CO2 emission cut by 2035, effectively prohibiting the sale of new combustion engine cars.

 strategies such as the ‘100 intelligent cities challenge’ which aims to support the use of technology for citizens whilst achieving sustainable growth through becoming carbon neutral

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Saps in jamacia

has plunged into a finacnical cricis in 1975 due to the rise of price for oil

jamacia used the imf and is now in long term debt

jamacian farmers can’t compete against US farmers as before farmars could make a decent living in selling their produce before the IMF insisted on the removal of tarrifs on imported goods