Chapter III: Intro to organic molecules and functional groups

Functional Group

an atom/group of atoms with characteristic & physical properties

• most organic compounds contain a carbon backbone consisting of C-C and C-H bonds to which _______ ______ are attached

Heteroatoms

atoms other than carbon or hydrogen

π bonds

most commonly occur in C=C and C=O bonds

carbon backbone/skeleton

made of C-C and C-H σ bonds

R

abbreviation of the carbon skeleton

Alkane

a molecule made up of only C-C and C-H bonds. Contains NO polar bonds, lone pairs, or π bonds, & therefore contains NO reactive sites (functional groups)

• Example: Ethane (CH₃CH₃)

Alkene

have a C=C bond as a functional group

• Example: Ethylene (CH₂=CH₂)

Alkyne

Have a C≡C bond as a functional group

• Example: Acetylene (HC≡CH)

Alcohol

a molecule with a carbon skeleton and an OH group (hydroxy group) that makes the molecule have lone pairs and polar bonds that make it reactive

• Example: Ethanol

Hydrocarbons

compounds made up only of the elements carbon & hydrogen

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

a compound/portion of a compound made up of C-C σ and π bonds but not aromatic bonds

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

named because many of the earliest compounds in this category had strong, characteristic odors

Benzene

Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. Its 3 π bonds make it a functional group. Called a “phenyl” group when part of a bigger molecule

Classification of Carbon Atoms

C atoms are classified by the # of other carbon atoms attached to them

Primary Carbon (1° Carbon)

bonded to one other C atom

Secondary Carbon (2° Carbon)

bonded to two other C atoms

Tertiary Carbon (3° Carbon)

bonded to three other C atoms

Quaternary Carbon (4° Carbon)

bonded to four other C atoms

Classification of Hydrogen Atoms

H atoms are classified by the type of carbon to which they are bonded

Primary Hydrogen (1° H)

the C atom is bonded to 1 other C atom

Secondary Hydrogen (2° H)

the C atom is bonded to 2 other C atoms

Tertiary Hydrogen (3° H)

the C atom is bonded to 3 other C atoms

Alkyl Halide

Ether

Amine

Thiol

Sulfide

Classification of Alkyl Halides & Alcohols

Classified by the carbon to which they are bonded

1° alkyl halide/1° alcohol

2° alkyl halide/2° alcohol

3° alkyl halide/3° alcohol

Classification of Amines

Classified based on the # of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom

1° amine

2° amine

3° amine

Carbonyl Group

when there is a C=O polar bond, making the group an electrophile. The lone pairs on O allow it act as a nucleophile and base

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxylic Acid

Ester

Amide

Acid Chloride

Intermolecular Forces

Interactions (attractions) that exist between molecules

Ion-Ion Interactions

Because ionic compounds contain oppositely charged particles, they are held together by extremely strong electrostatic interactions

Van der Waals Forces

very weak interactions caused by momentary changes in electron density in a molecule

• The only IMFs present in non-polar Compounds