parasitology exam 4

Platyhelminthes

what phylum do Trematodes, cestodes, monogenes, and turbellarians belong to?

Parenchyma

spaces between the body wall (tegument) and gut, and all the cells, fluid, and fibers therein.

Has a nuclei

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi

• production of everything needed in the distal cytoplasm

Characteristics of proximal cytoplasm

-       Mouth surrounded by a muscular oral sucker.

-       Short “throat” followed by a muscular pharynx (mechanical breakdown of food)

-       Esophagus

-       Lining similar to the tegument without spines.

-       Enzymes released that aid in digestion.

characteristics of the Trematode hindgut

Subtegumental and gastrodermal

muscular zones of trematoda

Subtegumental zone

Longitudinal, circular, diagonal, all for movement of the body in multiple dimensions

Gastrodermal zone

-       Move food up and down the cecal lumen.

• ladder nervous system

• 3 pairs of longitudinal connected at the anterior and branches out

Trematode nervous system.

a tubular system closed at one end and open at the other

Protonephridial type

Flame cells

fused beating cilia. Can be used to determine phylogenetic relationships.

cirrus

male copulatory organ (Trematoda)

Typically single ovary buried embedded in the parenchyma

Sperm ar typically stored and fertilization happens after copulation.

Vitelline cells

trematode female reproductive system

Metraterm

Muscular end of the uterus that expels eggs (trematode)

oxidized tyrosine residues of proteins

Rigid (trematode egg reproduction)

disulfide links in the protein of vitelline cells and membrane

Flexible (trematode egg reproduction)

• eggs

• Miracidium

• sporocyst

• redia

• cercaria

• metacercaria

• adult

life cycle of trematodes

miracidium

Important for penetration into the first intermediate host. Cytoplasmic ridges, apical papilla

sporocyst

primary/ mother, secondary/ daughter. A thin layer of parenchyma lines a fluid filled brood chamber,

Redia

primary/ mother, secondary/ daughter. 2-4 ambulatroy buds for movement.

Germ cell cycle

asexual reproduction occurs in the first intermediate host. Sequential suppression or expression of genes

glycolysis is the primary means of ATP.

Substrate level phosphorylation.

physiology of trematodes

neodermata

superclass of trematoda

Causes significant damage to the liver. Juveniles may get lost and get stuck and encysted.

• immune to praziquantel because of large size.

metacercariae (fasciola hepatica)

encyst on vegetation. Watercress, alfalfa, spinach, and lettuce.

Liver

Fasciola Hepatica typically effects what part of the sheep?

In the feces through the bile ducts. They stay in water for 4-15 days.

where do fasciola hepatica eggs get deposited?

snails

1st intermediate host for fasciola hepatica

Antarctica

distribution of fasciola hepatica is on every continent except for

fasciolopsis buski

intestinal fluke of humans and pigs

25000 eggs per day. 2-7 weeks

fasciolopsis buksi hatches how many eggs a day

Asia

where is. fasciola buski mostly found?

15

how many species of echinostomasitdae are in humans?

echinostomatidae

• Elongated

• live in the small intestine as adults.

• Human cases are most common in southeast and east Asia

• Inflammation of the mucosa and lesions

• Higher worm burden can lead to malnutrition and anemia

the small intestine as adults

where do echinomastidae inhabit

Clonorchis sinensis (in the bile duct, feeds on bile)

Chinese liver flukes

Opisthorchiidae

what family does Clonorchis Sinensis belong to

clonorchis sinensis characteristics

• 200 million at risk

• up to 25 years in the host

• Endemic to Asia

• 3rd most prevalent worldwide

Opisthorchis spp.

In the bile ducts of fish eating mammals in Asia and Caribbean islands

symptoms of opishthorchiidae

• blockage of the bile ducts

• indigestion

• nausea

• pain

• enlarged liver

• jaundice

• Mostly asymptomatic in low infections

Gonotyl (Heterophyidae)

genital pore with a sucker present with ventral sucker H. heterophys

southern Asia and Africa

where does Heterophyidae infect

Burried in the villi of the hosts small instestines

where do they adults of Heterophyidae live

troglotrematidae

what family does Paragonimus westermani belong to

P. westermani in Southeast Asia and Japan, P. kellicotti in North America

where is Paragonimus westermani found?