Unit 3 Psychology

Divergent Thinking

Creative thinking that generates multiple solutions to a problem.

Convergent Thinking

Logical thinking that narrows options to find a single correct solution.

Prototypes

The best example of a concept that helps categorize new information.

Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct solution.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to make quick, efficient decisions.

Schema

A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A graph showing how memory fades over time without review.

Semantic Memory

Memory of facts, concepts, and general knowledge.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences and events.

Procedural Memory

Memory of how to perform tasks, like riding a bike.

Chunking

Grouping information into smaller units to aid memory.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best.

Mnemonic

A memory aid, like acronyms or rhymes, that helps retention.

Priming

The unconscious activation of related memories or concepts.

Working Memory

Active processing of information held for short periods.

Short-Term Memory

Temporary memory storage, lasting about 20-30 seconds.

Long-Term Memory

Memory storage for information retained over time.

Prefrontal Cortex

The brain region responsible for decision-making and problem-solving.

Amygdala

A brain structure involved in emotions, especially fear and aggression.

Hippocampus

The brain region essential for forming new memories.

Encoding

The process of converting information into memory.

Retrieval Cue

A stimulus that helps recall stored information.

Recall

Retrieving information without external cues (e.g., essay tests).

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information (e.g., multiple-choice tests).

Fixed Mindset

The belief that abilities are static and cannot change.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities can develop through effort and learning.

Social Cognitive Theory

The idea that learning occurs by observing others and modeling behaviors.