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Divergent Thinking
Creative thinking that generates multiple solutions to a problem.
Convergent Thinking
Logical thinking that narrows options to find a single correct solution.
Prototypes
The best example of a concept that helps categorize new information.
Algorithms
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct solution.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts used to make quick, efficient decisions.
Schema
A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
A graph showing how memory fades over time without review.
Semantic Memory
Memory of facts, concepts, and general knowledge.
Episodic Memory
Memory of personal experiences and events.
Procedural Memory
Memory of how to perform tasks, like riding a bike.
Chunking
Grouping information into smaller units to aid memory.
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best.
Mnemonic
A memory aid, like acronyms or rhymes, that helps retention.
Priming
The unconscious activation of related memories or concepts.
Working Memory
Active processing of information held for short periods.
Short-Term Memory
Temporary memory storage, lasting about 20-30 seconds.
Long-Term Memory
Memory storage for information retained over time.
Prefrontal Cortex
The brain region responsible for decision-making and problem-solving.
Amygdala
A brain structure involved in emotions, especially fear and aggression.
Hippocampus
The brain region essential for forming new memories.
Encoding
The process of converting information into memory.
Retrieval Cue
A stimulus that helps recall stored information.
Recall
Retrieving information without external cues (e.g., essay tests).
Recognition
Identifying previously learned information (e.g., multiple-choice tests).
Fixed Mindset
The belief that abilities are static and cannot change.
Growth Mindset
The belief that abilities can develop through effort and learning.
Social Cognitive Theory
The idea that learning occurs by observing others and modeling behaviors.