Unit 3 Psychology

Divergent Thinking – Creative thinking that generates multiple solutions to a problem.

Convergent Thinking – Logical thinking that narrows options to find a single correct solution.

Prototypes – The best example of a concept that helps categorize new information.

Algorithms – Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct solution.

Heuristics – Mental shortcuts used to make quick, efficient decisions.

Schema – A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve – A graph showing how memory fades over time without review.

Semantic Memory – Memory of facts, concepts, and general knowledge.

Episodic Memory – Memory of personal experiences and events.

Procedural Memory – Memory of how to perform tasks, like riding a bike.

Chunking – Grouping information into smaller units to aid memory.

Serial Position Effect – The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best.

Mnemonic – A memory aid, like acronyms or rhymes, that helps retention.

Priming – The unconscious activation of related memories or concepts.

Working Memory – Active processing of information held for short periods.

Short-Term Memory – Temporary memory storage, lasting about 20-30 seconds.

Long-Term Memory – Memory storage for information retained over time.

Prefrontal Cortex – The brain region responsible for decision-making and problem-solving.

Amygdala – A brain structure involved in emotions, especially fear and aggression.

Hippocampus – The brain region essential for forming new memories.

Encoding – The process of converting information into memory.

Retrieval Cue – A stimulus that helps recall stored information.

Recall – Retrieving information without external cues (e.g., essay tests).

Recognition – Identifying previously learned information (e.g., multiple-choice tests).

Fixed Mindset – The belief that abilities are static and cannot change.

Growth Mindset – The belief that abilities can develop through effort and learning.

Social Cognitive Theory – The idea that learning occurs by observing others and modeling behaviors.