History 261 Midterm pt 1

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46 Terms

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Abraham Lincoln assassination

April 16, 1865

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Reconstruction

1865-1877; the attempt to rebuild and reform the political, social, and economic systems of the South after the Civil War.

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Freedman's Bureau

1865-1872, created to aid newly freed slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support
-citizenship, voting, reunite families
-not completely successful; largest success was in education and establishment of colleges

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Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's vp, southern slave owner, believed in equality for WHITE MEN (grew up poor white, anti-plantation owner)
-used for souther rep, anti-slavery

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Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

  1. states uphold 13th amendment (no slavery)
  2. deny succession
  3. US do not pay confederacy debt

requirements NOT demanding, no advocacy for Black voting rights

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Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states
-combo of vagrancy laws (no home/job) need job to pay fine => hard labor for whites
-young ppl need education => take young black and "educate" thru forced labor

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Field Order 15

reallocated land to south ppl (blacks) BUT Johnson reverses act, military doesn't defend blacks and gives land to white owners

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Republican Congress during Johnson's presidency

civil rights acts: pass 14th amendment
-guarantees citizenship thru birth right (allows congress to cut # of reps if violate)
-if guilty of insurrection => cannot hold office

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"Wave the Bloody Shirt"

remember the bloodshed of war, rallying cry to make fundamental change post war thru 14th amend
-Johnson anti 14th

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Reconstruction Act 1867

1867 law, established 5 temporary military zones in Confederate states
-required that the states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
-permit black to vote
-army thru confederacy null and void

much higher threshold than Johnson's reconstruct, not completely successful

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Tenure of Office Act (1867)

president cannot remove exec officer appointed by past president without consent of Senate

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Edwin Stanton, secretary of war

in favor of Reconstruction => Johnson wants to replace him w Ulysses S Grant, violates Tenure of Office Act => impeachment

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Impeachment 1868

Johnson makes deal to stop interfering w Repub senate so not removed from office
-divides repub part on how radical they should be

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Scalwags

poor south whites who are republicans

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dems

white supremacists

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Carpetbaggers

union solider, business owners in south, northerns relocated to south= voting in REPUB
-want more economic opportunities, industrialization

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internal improvements

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system
-public education/schools, electoral reforms

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Elections 1868 Ulysses Grant

popular Union General, young president against Seamore (dem opposed to reconstruction)
-wins 1868 = pushes 15th amendment: universal male suffrage
=> South attempts to undermine reconstruct, mistrust gov/less compliance

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Ku Klux Klan (1st wave)

extreme acts of terrorism/violence, target ppl of color, white voting repub (north and south)
-associated with confederate flag, anti reconstruct
-decentralized, hyper local/regionalized (bc easier to avoid mass arrest)
-prioritized amininity => masks
-explicitly aligned w DEMOCRATS

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1871 Meridian MS

congress slow to act => KKK targets black politicians, wave of murders march 1871
-31 black ppl murdered during white riot at court hearing

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Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871

-federal military action w KKK areas
-they stopped terrorizing blacks and denying them the right to vote

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Grant not hands on president = liberal repubs

liberal repubs for equality rights

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Charles Francis Adams Jr

1869: universal sufferance will lead to collapse of government
-nativist against irish, asian, blacks

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Prolitariat

poor working class

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Credit Mobilier

1872, fraudulent construction company, took profits of the Union Pacific Railroad
-used government funds, redistributed to stock holders
-bribed congress to avoid investigation

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Whiskey Ring

Grant administration, a group of officials importing whiskey
-used offices to avoid paying the taxes on it
-cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars

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scandals close to government that make it seem corrupt

Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier

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collapse of Jay Cooke and Company

depression 1873, investment of railroad company that went bankrupt => economic crisis
-25% unemployment, businesses bankrupt, railroads default to loans
-poor part of society hit the hardest

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Sharecropping

farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops
-cant borrow money from bank => loan from land owner r
-1880 3/4 of black and 1/4 of white in sharecropping

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15th amendment issues

cant discriminate based on race => literacy/poll tax
-amendments only applied to STATES so individuals are allowed to attack (aka KKK)

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US v Reese (1876) and US v. Cruikshank (1876)

as long as not explicitly racial = limited gov interference
-gives free reign to KKK/racial supremacists

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Presidential Election 1876 (Rutherford B Hayes v Samuel Tilden)

Tilden (dem): gets popular vote, not electoral college because of high perception of corruption w repubs
-Hayes becomes president BUT ends military occupation in South
=> formally ENDS Reconstruction in south (not west), betrays repubs

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Reconstruction in the West

mex american war brings in a lot of land (NA/mexicans), gov wants to integrate west more w east

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Homestead Act 1862

gave land in west if:

  1. head of household
  2. citizen
  3. build 12x14 dwelling and stay for 5 yeas => 160 acres yours

*no race or gender requirements, can be an intended citizen -builds confidence to offset economy of east farmers w west -egalitarian BUT NA/Mexican's lands being claimed

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1862-1900

80 mil arces being claimed, huge # of ppl, 5-20% claimed by women

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Exodusters

biblical African Americans leaving south to go out west
-gain opportunities, escape racism

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General Mining Act 1872

if discover mineral resources on federal land => extract w $5/acre fee
-important for industrialization
-inspires multiple mini rushes to west

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Union Pacific/ Central Pacific Railroad companies

gov gave them loans/lands for tracks
-gov wants special rate for shipping/priority
-most land from west, companies got $$
Central Pacific = Sacramento, Ca
Union Pacific = Nebraska to West

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where the railroad connects

Promontory, Utah (May 10th, 1869)

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Northern Pacific (1883)
Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe (1881)
Southern Pacific Railroad (1183)

more northern route, all corrupt, people want/need railroad BUT monopoly, limited access and ppl hate companies

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mexicans in the west

most mex are descendats from mex-american war
-stable pop in New Mexico, Texas, California

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

-negotiated to protect rights of Mexicans
-ends Mex-American war , america gets half of mex land
-can keep mex citizenship + stay in US OR after 1 year become US citizen automatically
-cannot enslave Mex people
-property rights protected but grants IMPRECISE from mex gov (=> need to pay lawyer thru land, lose lose)

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"racial amagalmation"

there are 4 core races in the world: "white, black, native, and asians"
-not all equal, mexicans are racial amagalmy of natives and whites, less than the pure races

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communal land grants

towns + individuals in town/community can work it
-gov can disperse land thru Homestead/Railroad acts

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Santa Fe Ring

took control of repub gov in Mex territory
-repub opportunities, participate w/ railroads, many lawyers
-group attempting to accumulate land

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Gorras Blancas (1889-1891)

"white caps" not radial (moderate-ish) vigilantes
-willing to take action, secret society white people are scared of
-fighting for Mexicans (seen and heroes/villains)
-not thinking of Native Americans, only mexicans
-not convicted though bc jury is all mex