Microbial Life- Unit 9, Exam 3

Microorganism

An organism that can only be seen with a microscope

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Binary fission

Are prokaryotes or eukaryotes larger?

Eukaryotes

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

No

Are prokaryotes unicellular, multicellular, or both?

Unicellular only

Are eukaryotes unicellular, multicellular, or both?

Both

Do eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

Yes

What are the two groups of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Where are prokaryotes found?

Whenever life exists

Prokaryotes make up what percent of Earths biomass?

50%

What kind of environments do prokaryotes thrive in?

Extreme habitats

Do prokaryotes have high or low metabolic diversity?

High

What ploidy are prokaryotes?

Haploid

What are the four groups of Eukaryotes?

Animalia (Metazoa), Plantae, Fungi, Protists

What are protists?

A eukaryotic cell that is not fungi, plants, or bacteria

How to eukaryotes reproduce?

Meiosis (sexually) and mitosis (asexually)

What does paraphyletic mean?

Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor, but not including all the descendant groups

Plastid

Plastids are double-membrane organelles that are found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food.

Do fungi have plastids?

No

What is an example of a unicellular fungi?

Yeast

Hyphae

Hyphae are the feathery filaments that make up multicellular fungi.

What component makes up multicellular fungi?

Hyphae

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism without being offspring between organisms

Does horizontal gene transfer happen through sexual reproduction?

No

When type of community does horizontal gene transfer usually happen?

Close living communities

What percent of bacteria and archaean genes are due to horizontal gene transfer?

80%

Archaea

Archaea are a group of unicellular organisms

Histone Proteins

Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

Do archaea have histone protiens?

Yes

Do archaea have DNA?

They have small independent pieces of DNA, called plasmids

How many ribosomal proteins do archaea have?

30

Do archaea have RNA polymerases?

Yes

Synamorphy

A character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form

Amorphy

A novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form.

What type of phylogeny are protists?

Paraphyletic

Do protists have synamorphies?

No

Protists occur in each (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) supergroup?

Eukaryotic

In what kind of environment do protists live?

Primarily water

Algae

A simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.

Phytoplankton

Microscopic, floating marine algae

Periphylen

Algae that attaches to underwater surphases

Seaweed

Macroscopic algae

Protozoa

Microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities

What trophic level are protozoa?

Heterotrophic

How to protozoa feed and what do they eat?

Absorbing small organic molecules

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment

Excavata

Excavata are a supergroup of protists that are defined by an asymmetrical appearance with a feeding groove

Primary Endosymbiosis

Heterotrophic cells captured cyanobacteria but did not digest it, creating a mitocondrion

Secondary Ednosymbiosis

Eukaryotic host cell ingest and retains a eukaryotic cells that has a primary plastid

Endosymbiosis

A symbiotic association where an endosymbiont lives within the body of a host species, leading to horizontal gene transfer

Extremophiles

AN organism that live in extreme conditions

What are the four most common types of habitats in which extremophiles live?

High salinity, acidity, methane, temperatures

Halophyle

Salt-loving organism

Hyperthermophile

Heat-loving organism

What type of cell wall do bacteria have?

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Archaea membrane are formed with what type of bonds?

Ether bonds

Bacteria and eukaryote membranes are formed with what type of bonds?

Ester bonds

Ether bonds are resistant to ____ ____ making them beneficial for _______ conditions

Heat damage, extreme

Archaea use _____ _____ instead of fatty acid chains to build cell walls.

Isoprene Chains

What are the four common bacteria shapes

Cocci, Bacilli, Vibiro, Spiroaete

Cocci

Sphere-shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria

Vibero

Comma-shaped bacteria

Spiroachete

Spiral-shaped bacteria

How many phyla do bacteria have?

100+

What type of conditions do bacteria favor?

Moderate

Bacteria have _____ relationships with eukaryotes

Symbiotic

Phototroph

Organisms that get their energy from light and carbon from CO2

What trophic level are cyanobacteria?

Phototrophic

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria

What type of habitat do cyanobacteria inhabit?

Water

What causes eutrophication and nitrogen fixation?

Cyanobacteria

What generates soil stabilities and antibiotics?

Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria

A large group of micro bacteria that do not produce oxygen

What type of bacteria are important in agriculture?

Proteobacteria

What are two important components of cyanobacteria?

Photosynthetic thylakoids and gas vesicles

Magnetosomes

Prokaryotic organelles that serve to orient some bacteria

Akinetes

Large, thick, walled food-filled hole in cyanobacteria

Endospores

Thick-walled structures formed inside the bacterial cells

Autotrophs

Produce organic compounds from inorganic sources

Heterotrophs

Require organic compounds from the enviroment

Chemoheterotrophs

A type of heterotroph that requires organic compounds for energy and a carbon source

What are the most common chemoheterotrophs?

Fungi, archaea, and bacteria

Photoheterotrophs

A type of heterotrophs that uses light energy to generate ATP

Chemolitoheterotrophs

A type of heterotroph that uses inorganic sources to create energy

What are the two fundamental needs of organisms?

1. They require chemical energy to create ATP

2. They contain molecules for c-c bonds to make organic molecules

Obligate Aerobes

REQUIRE oxygen

Obligate Anarobes

Oxygen is poisonous

Facultative Aerobes

Prefers fermentation, but can use O2

Areotoleranat Anaerobe

Uses fermentation to create energy, but is not poisoned by oxygen

Facultative Anarobe

Uses oxygen to create energy if present, but can also switch to fermentation

Flagella

Cellular extensions of microtubules and motor protein dynein

What are flagella used for?

Collecting food, propulsion, and reproduction

Cilia

Small, thin, hairlike extensions that cover cell

What are three defining characteristics of ciliates (not including the presence of cillia)? (HINT: size, how they behave in water, how they move)

Larger, buoyant, and move across surfaces

Amoeba and Pseudopods

Extend cytoplasm to create pspeudopodia to move

Sexual reproduction is uniquely _______

Eukaryotic

Sexual reproduction is based on ______ cell division and ______ of ______

Meiotic, Fission, Gametes

Asexual reproduction is based on ______ cell division.

Mitotic

In mitosis and asexual reproduction, daughter cells are genetically _______ to the parent

Identical