________ are measured using principles of turbidity production or dyebinding ability.
New cards
2
Acid fast
________ or fluorescent antibody stains are not routinely performed on specimens unless tubercular meningitis is suspected.
New cards
3
Isoelectric focusing
________ (IEF) is followed by silver staining.
New cards
4
Immunofixation electrophoresis
________ (IFE) is more sensitive and does not require concentration.
New cards
5
Spindle
________- shaped cells represent lining cells from the arachnoid.
New cards
6
RBCs
________ contain high concentrations of lactate, and falsely elevated results may be obtained on xanthochromic or hemolyzed fluid.
New cards
7
AIDS
Increased lymphocytes are seen in cases of both asymptomatic HIV infection and ________.
New cards
8
concentrated
CSF must be ________ if protein levels are low before performing electrophoresis.
New cards
9
choroid
In the ________ plexuses, the endothelial cells have very tight- fitting junctures that prevent the passage of many molecules, making a blood- brain barrier.
New cards
10
Albumin
________ makes up the majority of CSF protein.
New cards
11
Immunoassay techniques
________ are used for measurement.
New cards
12
rapid plasma reagin
The ________ (RPR) test is not recommended for use on CSF, because it is less sensitive and specific than the VDRL.
New cards
13
predominance of lymphocytes
Adults usually have a(n) ________ to monocytes (70: 30), whereas the ratio is reversed in children; occasionally, neutrophils are also present.
New cards
14
Nucleoli
________ are often more prominent than in blood smears.
New cards
15
eosinophils
Increased ________ are associated with parasitic infections, fungal infections (primarily Coccidioides immitis), and introduction of foreign material, including medications and shunts into the CNS.
New cards
16
cytocentrifugation
Following ________, neutrophils may also contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and have no granules.
New cards
17
Detection
________ of the fibrin degradation product, D- dimer, by latex agglutination immunoassay indicates the formation of fibrin at a hemorrhage site.
New cards
18
Fluid
________ can be frozen until serum results are available.
New cards
19
Macrophages
________ appear within 2 to 4 hours after RBCs enter the CSF and are frequently seen following repeated taps.
New cards
20
levels
Decreased ________ are caused by fluid leaking from the CNS.
New cards
21
blood brain
Elevated levels are caused by damage to the ________ barrier, production of immunoglobulins within the CNS, decreased clearance of normal protein from the fluid, degeneration of neural tissue, meningitis and hemorrhage conditions.
New cards
22
pia mater
The ________ is a thin membrane lining the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
New cards
23
lipid concentration
A cloudy, turbid, or milky specimen can be the result of an increased protein or ________, but it may also be indicative of infection, with the cloudiness being caused by the presence of WBCs.
New cards
24
iron free
They are ________, consisting of hemoglobin and unconjugated bilirubin.
New cards
25
subarachnoid space
The fluid flows through the ________ located between the arachnoid and pia mater.
New cards
26
Plasma protein
________ can be artificially introduced into a specimen by a traumatic tap, so corrections to calculation must be made.
New cards
27
the second tube
In CSF collection, ________ is usually designated for the microbiology laboratory and are stored at room temperature.
New cards
28
Cellular distortion
________ may include cytoplasmic vacuoles, nuclear clefting, prominent nucleoli, indistinct nuclear and cytoplasmic borders and cellular clumping that resembles malignancy.
New cards
29
Glutamine
________ is produced from ammonia and α- ketoglutarate by the brain cells to prevent toxicity from building- up in the CNS.
New cards
30
Agarose gel electrophoresis
________ is followed by Coomassie brilliant blue staining.
New cards
31
Neutrophils
________ may also be increased following central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage, repeated lumbar punctures, and injection of medications or radiographic dye; however, these are of little significance.
New cards
32
Cells
________ are counted in the four corner squares and the center square on both sides of the hemocytometer.
New cards
33
25 mg/dL
In viral meningitis, lactate levels remain lower than ________.
New cards
34
Xanthochromia
________ that is caused by bilirubin due to immature liver function is also commonly seen in infants, particularly in those who are premature.
New cards
35
choriod plexuses
The ________ are capillary networks that form the CSF from plasma by mechanisms of selective filtration under hydrostatic pressure and active transport secretion.
New cards
36
fungal meningitis
In bacterial, tubercular, and ________, the elevation of CSF lactate to levels greater than 25 mg /dL occurs much more consistently than does the depression of glucose and provides more reliable information when the initial diagnosis is difficult.
New cards
37
yellow specimens
Pink, orange or ________ are xanthochromic and are caused by the presence of RBC degradation products.
New cards
38
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
________ supplies nutrients to nervous tissue, removes metabolic waste, and produces a mechanical barrier to cushion the brain and spinal cord.
New cards
39
Serologic testing
________ is performed to detect the presence of neurosyphilis.
New cards
40
CSF culture
The ________ is actually a confirmatory rather than a diagnostic procedure; however, several methods are available to provide information for a preliminary diagnosis.
New cards
41
Glucose
________ enters the CSF by selective transport across the blood- brain barrier, which results in a normal value that is approximately 60 % to 70 % that of the plasma ________.
New cards
42
Neubauer counting chamber
A(n) ________ is routinely used for performing CSF cell counts.
New cards
43
microscopic finding of macrophages
The ________ containing ingested RBCs (erythrophagocytosis) or hemosiderin granules is indicative of intracranial hemorrhage.
New cards
44
Ependymal cells
________ are from the lining of the ventricles and neural canal.
New cards
45
CSF lactate levels
________ remain elevated during initial treatment but fall rapidly when treatment is successful, thus offering a sensitive method for evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
New cards
46
0-5
Normal adult CSF contains ________ WBCs /μL.
New cards
47
Metastatic carcinoma cells of nonhematologic origin
________ are primarily from lung, breast, renal, and gastrointestinal malignancies.
New cards
48
cell count
The ________ that is routinely performed on CSF specimens is the leukocyte (WBC) count.
New cards
49
index value
A(n) ________ less than 9 represents an intact blood- brain barrier, and it increases relative to the amount of damage to the barrier.
New cards
50
Adults usually have a predominance of lymphocytes to monocytes (70
30), whereas the ratio is reversed in children; occasionally, neutrophils are also present
New cards
51
blast form
The presence of ________ cells in CSF indicate acute leukemia.
New cards
52
macrophages
The presence of ________ in CSF indicate RBCs in spinal fluid or radiographic contrast media.
New cards
53
3% glacial acetic acid
If only WBCs are needed for cell counts, ________ is used for dilution to lyse the RBCs.
New cards
54
traumatic tap
A(n) ________ produces visible blood in all collection tubes that diminishes from the first to third tube.
New cards
55
pink
Specimens with a ________ color indicate a slight amount of oxyhemoglobin.
New cards
56
3rd, 4th or 5th
CSF is routinely collected by lumbar puncture between the ________ lumbar vertebrae.
Studied by 0 people
