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concepts
mental groupings of similar objects, people, and things
prototypes
best example of categories
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
intuition
effortless, automatic feeling, contracted with explicit
trial and error
finding a different solution after an attempted solution doesn't work
algorithim
a set formula that will always get you the right answer
insight
sudden flash of insight; deep understanding of something
heuristics
basic rule of thumb, not always perfect
creativity
ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
convergent thinking
narrow the available solutions to get the best solution
divergent thinking
expands the umber of possible problem solutions; thinking out of the box
inductive reasoning
used to develop a theory; thinking that moves from specific to broad generalizations
deductive reasoning
used to test and prove a theory; thinking that moves from broad generalizations to specific conclusions based off data
cognitive bias
subconscious error in thinking that leads you to misinterpret information from the world around you
confirmation bias
eagerness for info that confirms our ideas
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a different perspective
functional fixedness
inability to see alternative uses for items
representativeness heuristic
the judge based on how well they represent our prototypes; stereotypes
availability heuristic
judge based on available information in our memories
belief preseverance
tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of the contrary evidence
overconfidence
tendency to over estimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
framing effect
the way an issue is presented that may influence a person
phonemes
a set of basic sounds
morphemes
the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
grammar
system of rules for writing
semantics
rules we use to drive meaning from morphemes
syntax
rules for ordering words in sentences
receptive language
developing in infancy
productive language
actual sentences; formed in the toddler years
babbling
4 months to a year
one word stage
1 year and beyond
two word stage
2 years and beyond
overregulation
the imposition of excessive rules and regulations
language acculturation
the process of someone learning a foreign language
universal grammar
there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be
critical period
the time in which your brain is at its prime to learn information
chomsky
universal grammar rules for all language; critical period
whorf
linguistic determinism
linguistic determinism
language barrier; the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception
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