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Civil Liberties
Basic freedoms and protections from government interference, like freedom of speech, privacy, and religion.
Civil Rights
Protections against discrimination that ensure equality for all individuals.
Selective Incorporation
The idea that the Bill of Rights applies to the states through the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.
Due Process Clause
A clause used to apply certain rights in the Bill of Rights to the states, ensuring fair treatment under the law.
Judicial Review
The power of courts to review laws and actions to determine whether they are constitutional.
Establishment Clause
Prohibits the government from establishing or favoring a religion, ensuring a separation of church and state.
Free Exercise Clause
Protects individuals’ rights to practice religion freely, differing from the Establishment Clause, which prevents government favoring of a religion.
Exclusionary Rule
Prevents evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures from being used in court, related to the 4th Amendment.
Engel vs. Vitale
A key Supreme Court case that determined whether public school-sponsored prayer violated the Establishment Clause.
Supreme Court Ruling on School Prayer
The Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.
Wisconsin vs. Yoder
A case about Amish parents' exemption from compulsory school attendance laws for religious reasons.
Supreme Court Ruling on Amish Education
The Court ruled that religious freedom outweighed state educational requirements, allowing Amish students to stop schooling at 8th grade.
Free Speech Rights in Schools
Students have free speech rights, which can be limited if the speech disrupts the school environment.
NY Times vs. U.S.
Legal case surrounding whether the government could prevent the publication of classified information (prior restraint).
Supreme Court Ruling on Press Freedom
The Court ruled that prior restraint is unconstitutional, protecting press freedom.
Schenck vs. U.S.
A case focused on whether urging people to resist the draft during wartime violated free speech.
Right to an Attorney
Refers to the 6th Amendment right for defendants in state criminal trials, highlighted in Gideon vs. Wainwright.
McDonald vs. Chicago
The case that incorporated the 2nd Amendment to apply to state and local governments, protecting the right to bear arms.
Civil Rights Advancements
Key movements or legislation such as the Civil Rights Movement and landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Letter from Birmingham Jail Argument
Advocates for the moral duty to disobey unjust laws nonviolently.
Equal Protection Clause
Ensures that no state can deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Addresses and prohibits discrimination based on sex in educational programs and activities.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Provisions
Banned literacy tests and ensured federal oversight of elections in areas with racial discrimination.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations and employment.
24th Amendment
Abolished poll taxes, which were used to prevent African Americans from voting.
