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Here’s a simplified breakdown for each of your questions:

1. What are civil liberties?

Civil liberties are basic freedoms and protections from government interference, like freedom of speech, privacy, and religion.

2. How do civil liberties differ from civil rights?

Civil liberties protect personal freedoms, while civil rights protect against discrimination and ensure equality.

3. What is the concept of selective incorporation?

It’s the idea that the Bill of Rights applies to the states through the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.

4. How has the Due Process Clause been used to expand individual rights?

It has been used to apply certain rights in the Bill of Rights to the states, ensuring individuals have fair treatment under the law.

5. What is judicial review?

Judicial review is the power of courts to review laws and actions to determine whether they are constitutional.

6. How does the Establishment Clause protect religious freedom?

It prohibits the government from establishing or favoring a religion, ensuring a separation of church and state.

7. What is the Free Exercise Clause, and how does it differ from the Establishment Clause?

The Free Exercise Clause protects individuals’ rights to practice religion freely, while the Establishment Clause prevents the government from favoring a religion.

8. What is the exclusionary rule, and how does it relate to the 4th Amendment?

The exclusionary rule prevents evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures from being used in court, which is related to the 4th Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches.

9. What was the key issue in Engel vs. Vitale?

The issue was whether public school-sponsored prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

10. What did the Supreme Court decide regarding prayer in public schools?

The Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

11. What was the primary conflict in Wisconsin vs. Yoder?

The conflict was about whether Amish parents could be exempt from compulsory school attendance laws for religious reasons.

12. How did the Supreme Court balance religious freedom with state educational requirements?

The Court ruled that religious freedom outweighed the state’s educational requirements, allowing Amish students to stop schooling at 8th grade.

13. What did the Court say about students’ free speech rights in schools?

The Court ruled that students have free speech rights, but those rights can be limited if the speech disrupts the school environment.

14. What was the legal question surrounding the “Pentagon Papers” in NY Times vs. U.S.?

The question was whether the government could prevent the New York Times from publishing classified information (prior restraint).

15. How did the Supreme Court rule regarding prior restraint and freedom of the press?

The Court ruled that prior restraint (censorship before publication) is unconstitutional, protecting press freedom.

16. What was the main issue in Schenck vs. U.S.?

The issue was whether urging people to resist the draft during wartime violated free speech.

17. What constitutional right was at the heart of Gideon vs. Wainwright?

The right to an attorney (6th Amendment) for defendants in state criminal trials.

18. How did McDonald vs. Chicago relate to the 2nd Amendment?

The Court incorporated the 2nd Amendment to apply to state and local governments, protecting the right to bear arms.

19. What are civil rights, and how do they differ from civil liberties?

Civil rights protect against discrimination and ensure equality, while civil liberties are personal freedoms protected from government interference.

20. Which movements or legislation are key examples of civil rights advancements?

The Civil Rights Movement (e.g., 1960s protests) and key legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

21. What is the main argument made in the Letter from Birmingham Jail regarding civil disobedience?

The argument is that individuals have a moral duty to disobey unjust laws nonviolently.

22. What does the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment ensure?

It ensures that no state can deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

23. What does Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 address?

Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex in educational programs and activities.

24. What were the key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

The Act banned literacy tests and other discriminatory practices, ensuring federal oversight of elections in areas with racial discrimination.

25. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit?

It prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs.

26. What practice was abolished by the 24th Amendment?

The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes, which were used to prevent African Americans from voting.

Let me know if you need any further clarification!