L26 Arthropod-borne protozoa | Parasitology Exam 3

What are the six main groups of arthropod-borne protozoa

TLC TBH

1. Theileria

2. Leishmania

3. Cytauxzoon

4. Trypanosoma

5. Babesia

6. Hepatozoon

What two Babesia spps are highly pathogenic in ruminants in tropical regions

Babesia bovis + Babesia bigemina in tropical regions

What tick transmits Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina

Boophilus tick

What two Babesia spps are highly pathogenic in large ruminants in temperate regions

Babesia divergens + Babesia major in temperant regions

What tick transmits Babesia divergens and Babesia major

Ixodes tick

What are the CS of Babesiosis in ruminants

• Texas fever (first sign)

• Hemoglobinuria

• anemia

What tick transmits Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni in dogs

Rhipicephalus tick

What are the stages of piroplasm infection of Rhipicephalus tick

1. piroplasm stages are single in erythrocyte

2. divide to form a pair or a quadruplet

3. erythrocyte burst releasing more infective piroplasms

What tick transmits Babesia caballi to horses

Dermacentor ticks

What CS would you see in horses w B. caballi

• abortion

• hepatomegaly

• fever

What are the IH purpose in the life cycle of Babesia

ticks (IH) sucked by piroplasms to produce gametes (sexual reproduction) and release zygotes/final sporozoites in saliva to DH

What are the DH purpose in the life cycle of Babesia

Sporozoites enter erythrocytes to develop merozoites (asexual reproduction)

Sexual reproduction of Babesia is seen in what host

IH - ticks

Asexual reproduction of Babesia is seen in what host

DH

With the tx of babesiosis what are the DOC w at-risk animals

• imidocarb

• diminazene

What is the eradication program of Boophilus in texas

treating animals for up to 9 mo to eliminate ticks w Quarantine zone in Southern Texas

Which three species of Theileria are highly pathogenic in large ruminants

• Theileria annulata

• Theileria parva

• Therileria orientalis

Which two species of Theileria are highly pathogenic in small ruminants

• Theileria lestoquardi

• Theileria ovis

What three spp of ticks transmit Theileria

• hyalomma tick

• Rhipicephalus tick

• Haemaphysalis tick

In DH of Theileria, what is the development of merozoites (asexual repro)

sporozoites enter lymphocytes and invade erythrocytes to form merozoites

What are the four major CS of Theileriosis

• lose body condition

• lacrimation

• lymph node swelling

• fever

What is DOC of theileriosis and characteristics

Buparvaquone DOC resistance is emerging

What are control/prevention of Theileriosis

• Tick reduction

• Build up an infection in host

• DX tests

  • blood smear

  • sequencing

Why is piroplasmosis in horses considered “free” in the US

positive cases must be reported to state or federal animal health officials

What are CS of piroplasmosis in equids

• jaundice

• hemolysis

• hemolytic anemia

• hemoglobinuria

• abortion

• death

Bobcats and other wild felids infected by Cytauxzoon are considered what type of hosts

reservoir hosts

What spp of tick transmits Cytauxzoon felis in felines

Dermacentor and Amblyomma

When does CS of Cytauxzoonosis occur

5-14 days after exposure

What are the common CS of Cytauxzoonosis

• leukopenia

• thrombocytopenia

• death of most domestic cats occur w/in 1 wk of CS

What life stage of canines are infected by Hepatozoon canis

<6 mo puppies

How are canines infected by Hepatozoon canis

ingestion of an infected Rhipicephalus tick

What life stage of canines are infected by Hepatozoon americanum

adult dogs >6mo

How are canines infected by Hepatozoon americanum

ingestion of infected Amblyomma spp.

You are inspecting a blood smear and notice gamonts in neutrophils with pyogranulomatous inflammation, what is the suspected parasite

Hepatozoon

In hepatozoon infection, what are found in neutrophils

Gamonts

In hepatozoon infection, what type of inflammation would be in various organs and muscles

pyogranulomatous inflammation

Which Hepatozoonosis is a severe disease in dogs and the CS associated

H. americanum is a severe disease:

• marked neutrophilia

• periosteal proliferation

What is the tx for Hepatozoonosis

comboination of imidocarb and doxycycline

How are leishmania transmitted in dogs and humans

transmission via infected sand flies - Phlebotomine spp.

What is the life cycle of Leishmania w promastigote and amatigote forms in sandfly feeding

• promastigote forms migrate to proboscis and infect animal

• in DH macrophage, promastigote reverts to amatigotes and multiply in cell

• amatigote forms ingested by sandflies and develop in flies’ gut

What are the differences of CS of Leishmaniosis

• visceral leishmaniosis - intermittent fever, enlargement of spleen and liver

• cutaneous leishmaniosis - depilation of hair around eyes, alopecia

What spp of Trypanosoma in ruminants are widespread in NA, Middle East and S. Asia

T. evansi

What transmits Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease) in NA and SA and what spp are affected

transmitted by kissing bugs - Reduviid to dogs and humans

Which spp of Trypanosoma are highly pathogenic spp of humans in sub-saharan africa

T. brucei (→ subspecies gambiense and rbodesiencse)

What are the CS of Trypanosomiasis

• anemia

• recurrent fever

• edema

What tx for Trypanosomiasis in animals (and what do you have to be cautious about)

diminazene and isometamidium

resistance is emerging against diminazene

What life cycle and cellular protozoa is trypanosoma equiperdum

extracellular protozoa w direct life cycle

What does trypanosoma equiperdum transmit and to what spp

transmits dourine in horses and donkeys

What is the only notifiable UK protozoan parasite w a statutory testing regime

trypanosoma equiperdum