Unit 2 review cogniton

Selective Attention defi

Focusing Conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Selective attention ex

Class lecture while checking and returning texts we can only focus on one thing

Inattentional Blindness defi

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Inattentional Blindness ex

Showing a 1 min vid of basketball players 3 in blacks shirts 3 in white shirts it gets confusing to tell which player is which bc of the colors

Perceptual Set defi

Mental predisposition to percieve 1 thing and not another 

Perceptual Set ex

Someone interested in military might see clouds as tighter jets

Perceptual Set - motivation defi

The mental readiness to notice certain things ignoring others, influenced by our goals

Perceptual Set - motivation ex

Thirsty runner thinks about a water fountain all the time

Figure-Ground defi

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Figure ground ex

Seperate faces from their background

Grouping Principles defi

Set of rules in psych that describe how humans percive objects as organized patterns or as a whole

Grouping Principles ex

similar shapes and colors group into one

retinal disparity defi

The brain computers the difference between images recieved from each retina the greater the difference the closer the object

retinal disparity ex

Holding a pencil in front of your face and closing one eye at a time

convergence defi

The brain percieve depth based on the messege received from the eyes turning in ward

convergence ex

Bringing your finger close to your face & noticing your eyes turns inward to maintain focus

interposition defi

If one object partially blocks our view of another we percieve it as closer

interposition ex

Seeing a car in front as a traffic light where the car is closer

relative size defi

If we assume 2 objects are similar in size most ppl perceive the one that casts the smaller retrial image as farther away

relative size ex

Seeing 2 ppl of same height, but perceiving the one appears smaller than the other as being farther away

texture gradient defi

Moving toward or away from an object changes our perception of its smoothness or texture

texture gradient ex

When a wall is viewed from a distance we will percieve it as smooth but actually has texture

Stroboscopic Movement defi

Allusion or continous movement experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying images

Stroboscopic Movement ex

Comic book, flip book

Phi Phenomenon defi

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Phi Phenomenon ex

Holiday lights

Autokinetic Effect defi

Illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room appears bc eyes are constantly moving

Autokinetic Effect ex

Image appears to be moving due to the cognitive effects of interacting color contracts, object shapes, and position

Perceptual Adaptation defi

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input including an artifically displaced or inverted visual field you can adapt to changes in your visual perception

Perceptual Adaptation ex

Getting used to a strong smell

Concept defi

Mental grouping of similar objects, event, ideas of ppl

Concept ex

apple or iphone

Prototype defi

The best example of mental image of a category

Prototype ex

People more quickly agree that a crow is a bird than a penguin

Assimilation defi

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Assimilation ex

A toddler may call all four legged animal dogs

Accommodation of Schemas defi

Adjusting our schema or making new schema when we encoutner new information 

Accommodation of Schemas ex

Child soon learns that the original dog schema is too broad and accomodates by refining the category

Convergent thinking defi

Narrowing the avaliable problem solutions to determine the single best solution 

Convergent thinking ex

SAT test an ability to provide a single correct answer

Divergent Thinking defi

The ability to come up with several solutions to a problem

Divergent Thinking ex

Brainstorming, mind mapping, or asking what if questions 

Algorithm defi

Problem solving strategies that involve formulas and systematic approaches that take into account every possible solution guarantees a correct outcome, time consuming

Algorithm ex

SPLOYOGHYG you could try each letter in 10 positions which spells psychology

Heuristics defi

Problem solving strategies that involve simple basic rules that serve as shortcuts. Quicker but not guarented the correct answer

Heuristics ex

SPLOYOGHYG by grouping letters that often appear together

Insight defi

When the solution comes to you in an all of a sudden manner

Insight ex

¨AHA¨ moment 

Intuition defi

The ability to understand something immeeditely without the need for conscious reasoning

Mental Set defi

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past

Mental Set ex

Given the sequence OTTF what are the final 3 letters?

Functional Fixedness defi

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective an obstacle to a problem solving 

Functional Fixedness ex

How would you arrange six matches to form triangles

Representativeness Heuristic defi

Judging the liklihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match. Particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant info

Representativeness Heuristic ex

Imagine a person who is short and slim and likes to read. is this person more likely to be an ivy league university english professor or truck driver? 

Availability Heuristic defi

Judging the liklihood of events based on their avalibility in memory. If instances came reading to mind we persume such events are common

Availability Heuristic ex

As climate change has become more vividly associated with extreme weather, fires, flood public concerns has risen

Framing defi

The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions judgements

Framing ex

During covid 2 men asked people to consider a scenarior: how should is prepare for the outbreak of an unsual disease that can kill 600 ppl? People said they perferred solutions framed as gains 200 people will be saved rather than losses

Encoding defi

The process of getting info into the memory system 

Encoding ex

Extracting meaning

Storage defi

Retain the information/keep the info

Storage ex

Digital devices like hard disk drives, usb drive 

Retrieval defi

Later get the info back into our brain

Retrieval ex

Using flashcards to test yourself, answering a fill in the blank question on a quiz, or recognizing a familiar face in a crowd

Recall defi

Retreiving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier

Recall ex

A fill in the blank question tests your recall

Recognition defi

Identifying items previously learned

Recognition ex

Multiple choice questions tests your cognition 

Retrieval Cues defi

Later get the info back into our brain

Retrieval Cues ex

Using flashcards to test yourself, answering a fill in the blank question on a quiz, or recognizing a familiar face in a crowd

Iconic sensory memory defi

A sensory memory of visual stimuli: a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Iconic sensory memory ex

Seeing the faint afterimage of a bright light after it has been turned off, camera flash

Echoic sensory memories defi

Auditory memory, lasts 3 or 4 seconds 

Echoic sensory memories ex

Being able to understand a sentence holding onto each syllable, processing the sound of a car horn, recognizing the meaning of a phone number

Short-term memory defi

Breifly activated memory of few item that is later stored or forgotten

Short-term ex

Remembering a phone just long enough to dial it

working memory defi

Stage where short term, long term combine, active processing of both incoming sensory info and info retrevived from long term memory

working memory ex

Solving a math problem in your head 

Spacing Effect defi

Distributed practice aids learning/ The tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long term retention than is acheived through massed study/practice

Spacing Effect ex

Reviewing your notes for 10 mins every night will lead to better retention without panic cramming the next day.

Long Term Potentiation defi

Increase in a nerve cell finding potential after brief. Rapid stimulation on neutral basis for learning and memory

Long Term Potentiation ex

A mouse learning to navigate a maze more quickly over time, the stretching of synaptic connections in the hippocampus during learning

Implicit Memories defi

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of concious collection/ Impossible to explain and easier to demonstrate

Implicit Memories ex

Learning how to do something, riding a bike, playing an instrument 

Explicit memories defi

Facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare 

Explicit memories ex

shoe size, fav things

Mnemonic Devices defi

Memory tricks and techniques to aid memory, such as acronyms or peg word system

Semantic Encoding defi

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge one of our conscious memory systems

Semantic Encoding ex

Knowing the capital of France is Paris, understanding that a dog is an animal

Episodic Memory defi

Explicit memory or personally experienced events 

Episodic Memory ex

Remembering what you had for dinner last night, taste, people your with

Mood Congruent Memory defi

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one current good or bad mood 

Mood Congruent Memory ex

You got a bad score on a test now we will have a bad day for the rest of the day

Context Effects defi

Someone not giving you enough info then u take it a certain way

Context Effects ex

A friend saying something as a joke but you take it serious bc of lack of context

 Encoding Failure defi

when you can't remember something because it was never properly stored in your long-term memory

 Encoding Failure ex

a face of a penny

Forgetting Curve defi

The course of forgetting is rapid at first then levels off with time. 50% of new info after 1 hr we forget. 70% after 24 hr too.

Forgetting Curve ex

Ms Richards took french for 2 years in highschool she forgot a lot but still remembers some words 20 years later