HBS DRP

Cells

The smallest unit of life made up of chemicals

Tissues

A group of similar cells designed to carry out a specific function

Organs

A group of similar tissues to carry out a specific function

Skeletal Body Systems

Appendicular and Axial

Appendicular Region

126 bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

Axial Region

80 bones in the head, neck, back, and chest

Main Types of Tissue

Connective, epithelial, muscle & nervous

Connective Tissue Function

Joins

Epithelial Tissue Function

Covers

Muscle Tissue Function

Moves

Nervous Tissue Function

Signals

Homeostasis

A steady state by monitoring changes in the internal and external environment

Urinary System Structures

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Nervous System Structures

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs

Immune System Structures

Thymus, tonsils, appendix, spleen, lymph nodes, skin

Digestive System Structures

Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

Respiratory System Structures

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Cardiovascular System Structures

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

Endocrine System Structures

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, adrenal gland, thymus, testes/ovaries, thyroid, pancreas

Integumentary System Structure

Skin

Directional Terms

Describe the position of anatomical structures in the body

Regional Terms

Specify distinct anatomical landmarks on the body

Immune/Lymphatic Systems Function

Optimal functioning of immune responses

Adult Human Bones

206

Identity Molecule

DNA

Skeletal System Function

Protect internal organs and allow movement

Diagnostic Instruments

X-rays, MRI, Ultrasound

Length of Long Bones

Predict overall height

Female vs

Female wide and shallow, male heart-shaped and narrow

Bone Fusion

Best predictor of age

Skeletal System Height Prediction

Humerus and femur length

Epithelial Tissue

Lines, covers, organizes the body

Anatomical Terms

Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Lateral, Medial, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep

Histology

Study of human tissues

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for generating movement

Adipose Tissue

Type of connective tissue

Orbicularis

Round

Osteocytes

Responsible for bone remodeling

Bone Remodeling Stages

Hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, remodeling

Bone Fracture Types

Comminuted, Transverse, Spiral, Segmental, Compound, Closed, Greenstick, Oblique

Femur Fractures

Femoral head/neck, trochanter, shaft, distal region

Femur Repair Types

Plating, Nailing

Femur Anatomical Features

Proximal and distal regions

Fracture Repair Sequence

Inflammation to bone remodeling

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Responsible for bone remodeling

Forces Causing Fractures

Bending, Twisting, Impact

Muscle Contraction

Process leading to muscle tension

Muscle Types

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

ATP

Energy for cellular processes

Sarcomere

Smallest muscle unit, made of actin and myosin

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in muscle contraction by generating action potentials in muscle fibers.

Calcium

Binds to troponin on actin filaments, signaling tropomyosin to move and allow myosin binding to actin during muscle contraction.

Troponin

Acts as a Ca2+ regulator in muscle contraction.

Tropomyosin

Blocks myosin-actin interaction, preventing muscle contraction until troponin moves it in the presence of calcium ions.

ATP

Binds to myosin, causing muscle contraction by enabling myosin to attach to actin and pull.

Tendon

Strong fibrous collagen tissue connecting muscle to bone.

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue linking bone to bone.

Phosphagen System

One of the routes the body uses to assemble ATP for energy.

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

Another route for ATP production in the body.

Aerobic Respiration

The third route for ATP synthesis in the body.

Rigor Mortis

Stiffening of muscles after death due to ATP depletion.

Sarcomere

Basic unit of muscle structure composed of contractile proteins.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Connective tissue surrounding a myofibril.

Endomysium

Connective tissue enveloping a myofiber.

Perimysium

Connective tissue encasing a fascicle.

Epimysium

Connective tissue covering a muscle.

Thin Filament

Comprised of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin in muscle fibers.

Thick Filament

Consists of myosin in muscle fibers.

Insertion

The attachment that moves during muscle contraction.

Origin

The attachment that remains stationary during muscle contraction.

Pons

Aids in unconscious processes like sleep, respiration, and posture, working with the Medulla oblongata.

Corpus callosum

Connects neurons between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Hippocampus

Responsible for learning and memory.

Brain stem components

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Broca’s area

Located in the Frontal lobe, responsible for speech production.

Wernicke’s area

Located in the left Temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension.

Neurons and glial cells

Components of the CNS and PNS, categorized broadly.

Dendrites

Structures that pick up signals.

Axon

Carries signals over long distances.

Schwann's cells

Produce the Myelin sheath.

Myelin sheath

Insulates the Axon.

Nodes of Ranvier

Allow nutrients in and waste out.

Axon terminals

Branch to connect with other neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals enabling neuron communication.

Synapses

Connection points between neurons.

Synaptic cleft

Gap between neurons at the synapse.

Neuronal communication

Achieved through action potentials.

Glial cells

Maintain neuron homeostasis.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in myelin sheath between Schwann cells.

Action potential

Electrical signals passing through axons.

Types of neurons

Sensory, Interneuron, and Motor.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction and memory.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter for pleasure and motivation.

GABA

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Responsible for fight-or-flight response.

Serotonin

Regulates mood and sleep.

Histamine

Regulates metabolism and temperature.

Nicotine impact

Binds to acetylcholine receptors, increasing neuron firing.

Agonist

Binds to a receptor and activates it.