chapter 7 immigrants and urbanization

Ellis Island

immigration station in NY harbor where most Europeans passed through

Angel Island

immigration station in San Francisco where most Asian immigrants passed through

melting pot

a mixture of different cultures and races living together

nativism

preference for native-born Americans

Chinese Exclusion Act

passed in 1882, the Act limited Chinese immigration

Gentlemen's Agreement

from 1907 to 1908, Japan agreed to limit US emigration

urbanization

the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

Americanization Movement

program that taught immigrants English, American history, and government

tenement

multifamily urban houses that were often overcrowded and unsanitary

row house

single-family dwelling that shared side walls with other houses

mass transit

transportation systems developed by cities to move large number of people along fixed routes

Social Gospel Movement

movement that preached that people reached salvation by helping the poor

settlement house

community centers run mostly by middle-class college-educated women

political machine

organized group headed by a city boss that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

graft

the illegal use of political influence for political gain

Boss Tweed

-(William Marcy Tweed)one of the most powerful political boss who became head of NYC's

Tammany Hall

the name of the NYC's political machine

patronage

the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected

civil service

government administration usually hired on the basis of competitive examinations

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the US who tried to reform civil service, but wasn't successful

James A. Garfield

20th president of the US who had ties to reformers and was assassinated by a Stalwart

Stalwart

member of the Republican party who opposed changes in the patronage system

Chester A. Arthur

21st president of the US who pushed the Pendleton Civil Service act of 1883

Pendleton Civil Service Act

a civil service reform bill that created a civil service commission to give government jobs based on merit

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president of the US who tried but failed at reducing tariffs

Benjamin Harrison

23rd US president who signed the McKinley Tariff Act raising tariffs

Jane Addams

well known social reformer that established the Hull House

Hull House

settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.