TV2102 - Parasitology Ruminant Prac

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Haemonchus contortus

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Haemonchus contortus

ABOMASUM You have anaemic, weak and lethargic sheep. There is no weight loss or diarrhoea but some have bottle jaw. The abomasum has dark red-brown fluid and edmatous abomasal fold which focal areas of haemorrhage.

  • Found in tropical climates

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • Lays 10,000 eggs/day

  • PPR when ewes are pregant, shed more eggs

  • Use FAMACHA and dipstix test

<p>ABOMASUM You have anaemic, weak and lethargic sheep. There is no weight loss or diarrhoea but some have bottle jaw. The abomasum has dark red-brown fluid and edmatous abomasal fold which focal areas of haemorrhage.</p><ul><li><p>Found in tropical climates</p></li><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>Lays 10,000 eggs/day</p></li><li><p>PPR when ewes are pregant, shed more eggs</p></li><li><p>Use FAMACHA and dipstix test</p></li></ul>
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2

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

SMALL INTESTINE Your sheep had villous atrophy and erosions of mucosa in the small intestine. They had soft faeces, anemia, anorexia and weight loss.

  • Found in a temperate climate

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • 100 eggs/day

<p>SMALL INTESTINE Your sheep had villous atrophy and erosions of mucosa in the small intestine. They had soft faeces, anemia, anorexia and weight loss.</p><ul><li><p>Found in a temperate climate</p></li><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>100 eggs/day</p></li></ul>
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3

Ostertagia ostertagi

ABOMASUM In April-May (Autumn) you find 18-month old beef cattle with nodules/coalesced nodules in the abomasum, anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. Very few eggs are found in a FEC.

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • Hypobiotic larvae, infected in earlier warmer months and reactivated

  • Hyperplasia of mucous cells form nodules

  • Use pepsinogen and gastrin levels to diagnose due to reduction in gastric acid and alkaline stomach pH meaning no pepsin being converted from pepsinogen

  • Confirm diagnosis with larvae culture

<p>ABOMASUM In April-May (Autumn) you find 18-month old beef cattle with nodules/coalesced nodules in the abomasum, anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. Very few eggs are found in a FEC.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>Hypobiotic larvae, infected in earlier warmer months and reactivated</p></li><li><p>Hyperplasia of mucous cells form nodules</p></li><li><p>Use pepsinogen and gastrin levels to diagnose due to reduction in gastric acid and alkaline stomach pH meaning no pepsin being converted from pepsinogen</p></li><li><p>Confirm diagnosis with larvae culture</p></li></ul>
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4

Eimeria spp.

SMALL & LARGE INTESTINE You have 2 month old dairy calves that are anaemic, weak with profuse watery diarrhoea, sometimes with blood, tenesmus and rectal prolapse. The perineum and tail are stained with faeces

  • Ingestion of sporulated oocysts

  • Need to temp, humidity and vegetation state to sporulate

<p>SMALL &amp; LARGE INTESTINE You have 2 month old dairy calves that are anaemic, weak with profuse watery diarrhoea, sometimes with blood, tenesmus and rectal prolapse. The perineum and tail are stained with faeces</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of sporulated oocysts</p></li><li><p>Need to temp, humidity and vegetation state to sporulate</p></li></ul>
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5

Oesophagostomum spp.

LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • Cephalic vesicle

  • Thin shell egg with many cells

  • Pathogenic L4

<p>LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>Cephalic vesicle</p></li><li><p>Thin shell egg with many cells</p></li><li><p>Pathogenic L4</p></li></ul>
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6

Chabertia ovina

LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • Large buccal capsule

  • Two small corona radiata with no teeth

  • Thin shell egg with many cells

<p>LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>Large buccal capsule</p></li><li><p>Two small corona radiata with no teeth</p></li><li><p>Thin shell egg with many cells</p></li></ul>
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7

Trichuris spp.

LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.

  • Ingestion of embryonated egg

  • Brown/yellow egg, two polar plugs, one cell inside

<p>LARGE INTESTINE You see 0.5-1cm nodules in the small and large intestine.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of embryonated egg</p></li><li><p>Brown/yellow egg, two polar plugs, one cell inside</p></li></ul>
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8

Paramphistoma spp. Calicophoron calicophorum

RUMEN/RETICULUM (adults) & ABOMASUM/DUODENUM (immature) Your calves in Victoria have been in a swampy pasture for 4 weeks, they display anorexia, polydipsia, weight loss and fluid, foul-smelling diarrhoea. The duodenum was congested and oedomatous with erosions and petechiae.

  • Ingestion of metacercaria with water and grass

  • Pathogenic juveniles causes mechanical damage

<p>RUMEN/RETICULUM (adults) &amp; ABOMASUM/DUODENUM (immature) Your calves in Victoria have been in a swampy pasture for 4 weeks, they display anorexia, polydipsia, weight loss and fluid, foul-smelling diarrhoea. The duodenum was congested and oedomatous with erosions and petechiae.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of metacercaria with water and grass</p></li><li><p>Pathogenic juveniles causes mechanical damage</p></li></ul>
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9

Cryptosporidium parvum

SMALL INTESTINE You have 2 week old dairy calves with acute diarrhoea and yellowish faeces, anorexia, lethargic ad dehydrated.

  • Ingestion of sporulated oocysts (sporulated and infective)

  • Brush border of epithelia

  • Four sporozoites and no sporocysts

  • Need to do acid stain on faecal smear or immunofluorescence to see

<p>SMALL INTESTINE You have 2 week old dairy calves with acute diarrhoea and yellowish faeces, anorexia, lethargic ad dehydrated.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of sporulated oocysts (sporulated and infective)</p></li><li><p>Brush border of epithelia</p></li><li><p>Four sporozoites and no sporocysts</p></li><li><p>Need to do acid stain on faecal smear or immunofluorescence to see</p></li></ul>
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10

Moniezia expansa

SMALL INTESTINE Your lambs have diarrhoea , anaemia and weight loss after 6-8 weeks of being on a pasture used by adult sheep.

  • Ingestion of cysticercoid larvae in orbatid mites (IH)

  • 2 sets of reproductive organs, 2 genital pores

  • Triangular eggs with pyriform apparatus

<p>SMALL INTESTINE Your lambs have diarrhoea , anaemia and weight loss after 6-8 weeks of being on a pasture used by adult sheep.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of cysticercoid larvae in orbatid mites (IH)</p></li><li><p>2 sets of reproductive organs, 2 genital pores</p></li><li><p>Triangular eggs with pyriform apparatus</p></li></ul>
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11

Moniezia benedeni

SMALL INTESTINE Your lambs have diarrhoea , anaemia and weight loss after 6-8 weeks of being on a pasture used by adult sheep.

  • Ingestion of cysticercoid larvae in orbatid mites (IH)

  • 2 sets of reproductive organs, 2 genital pores Square eggs with pyriform apparatus

<p>SMALL INTESTINE Your lambs have diarrhoea , anaemia and weight loss after 6-8 weeks of being on a pasture used by adult sheep.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of cysticercoid larvae in orbatid mites (IH)</p></li><li><p>2 sets of reproductive organs, 2 genital pores Square eggs with pyriform apparatus</p></li></ul>
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12

Fasciola hepatica

LIVER Your sheep have weight loss, anaemia, jaundice, reduced appetite, weakness and ascites after 3-4 months on a pasture in a flooded area. They have hyperplastic cholangitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis in the liver.

  • Ingestion of metacercaria with water or pasture

  • Juveniles burrow through liver parenchyma

  • Adults living in bile ducts

  • Treat juveniles with triclabendazole

<p>LIVER Your sheep have weight loss, anaemia, jaundice, reduced appetite, weakness and ascites after 3-4 months on a pasture in a flooded area. They have hyperplastic cholangitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis in the liver.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of metacercaria with water or pasture</p></li><li><p>Juveniles burrow through liver parenchyma</p></li><li><p>Adults living in bile ducts</p></li><li><p>Treat juveniles with triclabendazole</p></li></ul>
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13

Dictyocaulus viviparus

BRONCHI & TRACHEA Your calves are coughing and show dyspnoea, anorexia and weight loss. You find white mucous and whitish parasites in the bronchi and trachea.

  • Ingestion of L3 with pasture

  • Mature to L4 and migrate to lungs as mature

  • Lay eggs in lungs, cough up and swallowed

  • Eggs hatch in intestines and L1 in faeces

  • L1 to L3 in pasture

<p>BRONCHI &amp; TRACHEA Your calves are coughing and show dyspnoea, anorexia and weight loss. You find white mucous and whitish parasites in the bronchi and trachea.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of L3 with pasture</p></li><li><p>Mature to L4 and migrate to lungs as mature</p></li><li><p>Lay eggs in lungs, cough up and swallowed</p></li><li><p>Eggs hatch in intestines and L1 in faeces</p></li><li><p>L1 to L3 in pasture</p></li></ul>
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14

Echinococcus granulosus

LIVER & LUNGS

  • Ingestion of eggs shed by dogs (IH)

  • Hyatid cysts with brood capsule and invaginated/evaginated protoscolexes are pathogenic

  • Laminated and germinal layer

  • Egg is striated embryophore with hexacanth embryo within (oncosphere)

  • Adult with 3-4 proglottids, scolex with 2 rows of hooks and cause no clinical signs, not pathogenic

  • Develop in lung and livers of HUMANS

<p>LIVER &amp; LUNGS</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of eggs shed by dogs (IH)</p></li><li><p>Hyatid cysts with brood capsule and invaginated/evaginated protoscolexes are pathogenic</p></li><li><p>Laminated and germinal layer</p></li><li><p>Egg is striated embryophore with hexacanth embryo within (oncosphere)</p></li><li><p>Adult with 3-4 proglottids, scolex with 2 rows of hooks and cause no clinical signs, not pathogenic</p></li><li><p>Develop in lung and livers of HUMANS</p></li></ul>
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15

Babesia bovis

RED BLOOD CELLS You have cows with inappetence, depression, convulsions, paralysis, aggression, ataxia, anemia, haemoglobinuria and jaundice.

  • Ingestion of sporozoites from ticks with their saliva

  • Clogs capillaries, ishcaemia in brain, neurological signs unlike babesia bigemina

<p>RED BLOOD CELLS You have cows with inappetence, depression, convulsions, paralysis, aggression, ataxia, anemia, haemoglobinuria and jaundice.</p><ul><li><p>Ingestion of sporozoites from ticks with their saliva</p></li><li><p>Clogs capillaries, ishcaemia in brain, neurological signs unlike babesia bigemina</p></li></ul>
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16

Rhipicephalus australis

ONE HOST TICK Larvae - Babesia bovis Nymph and adults - Babesia bigemina Males - Anaplasma marginale

  • Hexagonal basis captuli

  • No festoons

  • Pale whitish legs

  • Wide distance between first legs and gnathostoma

  • Coxa with two short spurs

<p>ONE HOST TICK Larvae - Babesia bovis Nymph and adults - Babesia bigemina Males - Anaplasma marginale</p><ul><li><p>Hexagonal basis captuli</p></li><li><p>No festoons</p></li><li><p>Pale whitish legs</p></li><li><p>Wide distance between first legs and gnathostoma</p></li><li><p>Coxa with two short spurs</p></li></ul>
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17

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

THREE HOST TICK

  • Hexagonal basis captuli

  • Festoons

  • Coxa with two long spurs

<p>THREE HOST TICK</p><ul><li><p>Hexagonal basis captuli</p></li><li><p>Festoons</p></li><li><p>Coxa with two long spurs</p></li></ul>
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18

Haemaphysalis longicornis

THREE HOST TICK

  • Rectangular basis captuli

  • Dark brown legs

  • Festoons

  • Palps extend out laterally

<p>THREE HOST TICK</p><ul><li><p>Rectangular basis captuli</p></li><li><p>Dark brown legs</p></li><li><p>Festoons</p></li><li><p>Palps extend out laterally</p></li></ul>
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19

Amblyomma triguttatum

THREE HOST TICKS

  • Rectangular basis captuli

  • Ornate scutum

  • Festoons

  • Second segment of mouthparts are almost 2x as long as third segment

<p>THREE HOST TICKS</p><ul><li><p>Rectangular basis captuli</p></li><li><p>Ornate scutum</p></li><li><p>Festoons</p></li><li><p>Second segment of mouthparts are almost 2x as long as third segment</p></li></ul>
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20

Bovicola ovis

SHORT WOOL: plunge, shower and cage dip, short wool backline LONG WOOL: handjet and long wool backline

  • Head wider than thorac (biting lice)

  • Black transverse stripes on abdomen

  • Feeds on skin debris, epidermal scales, scurf, suint, bacteria and dried serum

  • Does not survive in high temperatures (<45) and rain soaked fleece (6 hours)

  • Populations grow very slowly

<p>SHORT WOOL: plunge, shower and cage dip, short wool backline LONG WOOL: handjet and long wool backline</p><ul><li><p>Head wider than thorac (biting lice)</p></li><li><p>Black transverse stripes on abdomen</p></li><li><p>Feeds on skin debris, epidermal scales, scurf, suint, bacteria and dried serum</p></li><li><p>Does not survive in high temperatures (&lt;45) and rain soaked fleece (6 hours)</p></li><li><p>Populations grow very slowly</p></li></ul>
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21

Linognathus africanus

  • Head narrower than thorax (sucking lice)

  • 1st pair of legs shorter and thinner than others

  • No parategal plates

  • Bulging post-antennal margins

<ul><li><p>Head narrower than thorax (sucking lice)</p></li><li><p>1st pair of legs shorter and thinner than others</p></li><li><p>No parategal plates</p></li><li><p>Bulging post-antennal margins</p></li></ul>
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22

Haematopinus eurysternus

  • Head narrower than thorax (sucking lice)

  • All three pairs of legs are the same size

  • Parategal plates

  • Rectangular thorax

  • Obvious ocular points

<ul><li><p>Head narrower than thorax (sucking lice)</p></li><li><p>All three pairs of legs are the same size</p></li><li><p>Parategal plates</p></li><li><p>Rectangular thorax</p></li><li><p>Obvious ocular points</p></li></ul>
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23

Haematobia irritans exigua

Blood pool feeders which cause bleeding under the skin which is painful

  • Can transmit Stephanofilaria spp.

  • Dung beetles can eat dung to prevent flies from laying eggs

  • Large red eyes

  • Wings resting in V shape

  • Two black stripes on thorax

  • Maxillary palps more than half as long as probiscus

<p>Blood pool feeders which cause bleeding under the skin which is painful</p><ul><li><p>Can transmit Stephanofilaria spp.</p></li><li><p>Dung beetles can eat dung to prevent flies from laying eggs</p></li><li><p>Large red eyes</p></li><li><p>Wings resting in V shape</p></li><li><p>Two black stripes on thorax</p></li><li><p>Maxillary palps more than half as long as probiscus</p></li></ul>
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24

Chorioptes bovis

COWS: hindlegs, perineum, udder and base of tail HORSES: hindlegs SHEEP & GOATS: hindlegs and scrotum

  • Feed on skin debris

  • Must repeat treatments in 2-4 weeks as no chemicals treat eggs, let hatch and treat to kill larvae

<p>COWS: hindlegs, perineum, udder and base of tail HORSES: hindlegs SHEEP &amp; GOATS: hindlegs and scrotum</p><ul><li><p>Feed on skin debris</p></li><li><p>Must repeat treatments in 2-4 weeks as no chemicals treat eggs, let hatch and treat to kill larvae</p></li></ul>
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25

Tritrichomonas foetus

  • Sexual transmission, use AI to prevent transmission

  • Three anterior flagellum

  • One posterior flagella

  • Causes vaginitis, endometriosis, pyometra and abortion

<ul><li><p>Sexual transmission, use AI to prevent transmission</p></li><li><p>Three anterior flagellum</p></li><li><p>One posterior flagella</p></li><li><p>Causes vaginitis, endometriosis, pyometra and abortion</p></li></ul>
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