ETHICS

Value

Something that an individual or community believes has worth and merits pursuit or promotion.

Naturalistic Fallacy

The inability to define evaluative terms assuming they can be matched to something in nature.

Ethics

The study of morals, including their origins, uses, justifications, and relationships.

Mencius

A Chinese philosopher who developed and improved upon Confucius' ideas, emphasizing four virtues.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

A theory that outlines six stages of moral reasoning that continue throughout a person's lifespan.

Preconventional Morality

The first stage of moral development where moral decisions are shaped by adult standards and consequences.

Deontology

An ethical theory that bases morality on certain duties or obligations, claiming some actions are inherently right or wrong.

Consequentialism

An ethical theory that holds the consequences of actions as the only factor determining their moral worth.

Utilitarianism

A form of consequentialism where actions are deemed right if they maximize overall happiness or well-being.

Virtue Ethics

An ethical approach focusing on the character and virtues of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences.

Impartiality

A property of decisions indicating that certain considerations do not influence an agent's choices.

Good Will

According to Kant, the only unconditional good, signifying acts done from duty rather than from inclination.

Conscience

The power to discern what appears morally right or wrong.

Guilt vs. Shame

Guilt is linked to responsibility for actions, while shame may arise from uncontrollable circumstances.

Moral Character

A complex set of qualities in an individual reflecting their moral behavior, values, emotions, reasoning, and identity.

Moral Reasoning Model

A seven-step process to make ethical decisions, emphasizing the need to weigh facts and principles.

Frame of Reference

The perspective from which a situation is viewed, impacting ethical decision-making.

Human Dignity

An underlying value in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasizing respect for individuals.

Benevolence (Ren)

The most important virtue in Confucianism, focusing on compassion towards others.

Intellectual Virtues

Activities involving critical thinking and reflection essential for moral development according to Aristotle.

Practical Virtues

Activities related to political engagement and social responsibilities, as emphasized by Aristotle.