WHAP McIntyre Chapter 18 Vocab

Ural Mountains

Not until modern times was there any agreement about where to place the geographical boundary between the European and Asian countries. Russia sprawled on both sides of the boundary finally agreed upon - the _____ __________.

Eastern Orthodoxy

While Russia before 1750 was undoubtedly Christian, it was not the Roman Catholic or Protestant Christianity of the West. Instead, ________ __________ had taken root in Russia.

Constantinople

The rulers of Kievan Rus modeled the government and religious institutions of ______________, the seat of the Orthodox Christianity Empire.

Tsar

To legitimize his power, Ivan III called himself ____. This term, derived from the Latin word Caesar, gave Ivan additional prestige through an assumed link to the Roman Empire.

Divine Right of Kings

The tsars established the Russian Orthodox Church as a way to unite the people behind their leadership, claiming they ruled by ______ ______ ___ _______.

Tribute

Ivan III refused to pay ________ to the Mongols at a time when the Mongols were not powerful enough to enforce the collection.

Ivan III/Ivan the Great

_____ ____ _______ threw off the "Mongol yoke" by refusing to pay tribute to them. He unofficially called himself tsar to legitimize his power. He tripled the size of his state through wars and diplomacy.

Boyars

The noble landowning class, the _____, stood at the top of the social pyramid. The ______ class would experience tensions with the rulers similar to the tensions between nobles and rulers in Western Europe.

Serfs

The bottom of the social pyramid had peasants, who would gradually sink more and more deeply into debt and, as a result, become _____. _____ received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In return, the _____ was bound to that land and had little personal freedom.

Ivan IV/Ivan the Terrible

Crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward, first by taking control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia. He killed his son in a fit of rage and established a secret police force called the Oprichnina.

St. Basil's Cathedral

To commemorate the victories over Kazan and Astrakhan, Ivan IV commissioned the building of _____ _______ ____________ (still standing today in Moscow), which served as a visual reminder to the nation that the tsar and the Church were united.

Cossacks

Southwest of Moscow, near the Black Sea, peasants who were skilled fighters lived on the grassy, treeless steppes. Many were runaway serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of the neighboring descendants of the Mongols. These fierce ________ warriors were sometimes at odds with the central, autocratic government of the tsars. However, these fiercely independent warriors could also be hired as mercenaries to defend "Mother Russia" against Swedish, Tartar, and Ottoman forces. The __________ were thus important in Russia's expansion to the Ural Mountains and farther east into Siberia.

Oprichnina

To control the boyars at home, Ivan IV established a paramilitary force loyal to him called the ___________. Dressed in black and traveling quickly on horseback, the members showed fierce loyalty to Ivan. They were drawn from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants to assure their loyalty to Ivan rather than to the boyars.

Time of Troubles

In 1603, without a strong autocrat or family in control, Russia entered a phase historians call the ____ ____ ___________.

Zemsky Sobor

Russia was nearly in a state of anarchy until 1613, when the national assembly, called the _______ ______, or Assembly of the Land, chose Michael Romanov as leader, initiating the Romanov Dynasty.

Romanov Dynasty

The _________ ________ held autocratic control, and they pushed the borders of Russia east to Mongolia. In 1689, China's Qing Dynasty signed a border treaty with the Russians in the eastern town of Nerchinsk, Russia, to confirm this new border.

Peter I/Peter the Great

Under the Romanovs, three main groups in Russia had conflicting desires and agendas: the Church, bent on conserving traditional values and beliefs; the boyars, desiring to gain and hold power; and members of the tsar's royal family. _______ ____ ______'s rise to power illustrates these conflicting ambitions

Streltsy

To gain full control of the throne, Peter the Great had to defeat his half-sister Sophia and her supporters, a boyar-led elite military corps called the __________. He consolidated power by forcing Sophia into a convent. Later, the ________ rebelled against Peter's reign, so he temporarily disbanded them and integrated them into Russia's regular army.

Holy Synod

Peter the Great abolished the position of patriarch and replaced it with the _____ _______, composed of clergymen overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar.

St. Petersburg

Russia's first use of its new Western military power was to seize lands on the Baltic Sea from Sweden. This conquest gave Russia its own warm-water port on the Baltic - ___ ____________. Peter then moved the capital from Moscow to ___ ____________ so he could keep watch on the boyars there, who were doing their required state service by working in his government.

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great promoted men according to merit rather than social class. A new _______ __ ______ listed military and governmental positions that could be filled by the best-qualified persons regardless of social status.

Catherine II/Catherine the Great

__________ ___ _____ was able to take the throne after her husband's death in 1762. In preparation of ruling, she learned Russian and joined the Orthodox Church.

Partition of Poland

To the west, Russia joined with Prussia and Austria in the _________ __ ______. The three powerful countries divided Poland among themselves. Poland would not reappear as an independent country until the twentieth century.

Westernization

Catherine continued the _____________ of Russia begun under Peter the Great. For example, Peter insisted that sleeves be tailored to the style of Western dress and ordered that men shaved their beards.

Slavophilism

Catherine continued the Westernization of Russia began under Peter the Great. At the same time, a fear of losing their traditional culture grew among many Russians. These concerns had their most obvious expression in the conservative philosophical movement called _____________. Followers of this philosophy believed that Russia should base its development on its own history and character and not use Western European culture as a model.

Pale of Settlement

By 1795, the Partitions of Poland gave Russia a far larger Jewish population. Although victims of discrimination, the free Jews in Poland had fulfilled important economic functions in Polish towns and villages. Jewish entrepreneurs and artisans in Russia, by contrast, were tied to landed estates and were not allowed the same independence as that enjoyed by Polish Jews. Catherine created a territory in which the Jews of Russia were required to live. This territory, or the _____ ___ _____________, set the Jews apart and helped make them more vulnerable to anti-Semitism.

Pogroms

By the nineteenth century, _________ , or vicious anti-Jewish attacks, would occur frequently in Russia.

Pugachev Rebellion

A Cossack known as Yemelyan Pugachev initiated a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774. Falsely claiming to be Catherine's murdered husband, Peter III, Pugachev gathered a following of discontented peasants, different ethnic groups, and fellow Cossacks. At one point, these groups controlled the territory between the Volga River and the Urals. Within a year, though, Pugachev was captured and executed. The _________ __________ only served to increase Catherine's oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts.

Crimean War

Russia's long-running rivalry with the Ottoman Turks for power in the Black Sea region expanded into a major conflict, the ___________ ____. The French and British, fearing the expansion of Russian power in the Crimea and Middle East, supported the Ottomans. The death toll reached several hundred thousand people and ended in a devastating defeat for Russia.

Emancipation Act

Tsar Alexander II issued the ______________ _____, which would end serfdom for 23 million people. The process would take decades, and nobles would be compensated for the loss of their laborers. As serfs became free, they would have an opportunity to purchase the land they had long worked. This was the largest single emancipation of people in bondage in human history.