APUSH time period 5 (copy)

Americans who moved into TX - had to agree to assimilate (be Catholic, have no slaves) EX: Stephen Austin

Empressarios

fighting for independence fromMexico, B. of Alamo and B. of SanJacinto (1835-36)

Texas War for Indpendence

result of 2nd Great Awakening - started in Burned Over Districts in NY - Joseph Smith led people to Ohio, Brigham Young led them to Great Salt Lake

Mormons

coined by John O'Sullivan - theory that we were spreading libety, freedom and republicanism and had a God-given right to take over the west.

Manifest Destiny

1845-1849 -, "54'40 or fight" (Campaign slogan referring to Oregon Territory) - Mexican America War (fought to get California)

Polk's Presidency

fought b/c Polk wanted California (used disputed land in TX to provoke a fight). Ended in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the US gets pretty much the entire southwest.

Mexican American War

Lincoln (who was at the time a Whig representative from Illinois) wanted to know exactly where Zach Taylor was fired on at the beginning of the Mex-Am War.

Lincoln's Spot Resolution

Those opposed to the Mexican American War b/c they believed it would lead to the expansion of slavery. EX: Lincoln, Thoreau

Conscience Whigs

Ended the Mexican American War - US bought southwest for 15 million- led to question about the extension of slavery (from Missouri compromise). promised citizenship for Native Americans and Mexicans, but it was largely ignored

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Passed at the beginning of the Mex-Am War, this said no slavery in Mexican Cession - failed but made south mad

Wilmot Proviso

Wanted to be admitted as a free state - led to the southern "fire eaters" threateneing secession & the Compromise of 1850.

California's admission

Done by Henry Clay. Said 1) Ca free state 2) abolition of slave trade in DC 3) popular sovereignty in Mexican cession, 4) Fugitive slave Act of 1851

Compromise of 1850

Webster, Clay, and Calhoun urged the passage of the Compromise of 1850 because it would be good for the nation.

7th of March Speech

1840s & 1850s (pre Civil War) - immigration from Irish and Germans. Irish settle in cities along the eastern seaboard and become manual labor, Germans move out west and become farmers.

Old Immigration

fear of foreigners - mainly afraid of job stealing - "No Irish Allowed" and the Know Nothing Party

Nativism

secret society base don nativism and anti-Catholicism - wanted to ban immigration, institute literacy tests for voting

Know Nothing Party

Bessemer Process (1855) - mass production of steel - allowed for production of rr, skyscrapers, etc

North's expanding manufacturing economy

Book about slavery by Hinton Helper. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

Impending Crisis of the South

Movement against the extension of slavery - b/c not many were abolitionists - eventually adopted by the Republican party (appealed to white voters)

Free Soil Movement

Effect of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1851 - these laws that allowed for the protection of African Americans (like refusal to allow bounty hunters to use jails, requiring bounty hunters to prove slave)

Personal liberty laws

This is why Southerners felt the Fugitive Slave Act of 1851 was necessary, because so many slaves were escaping.

Underground Railroad

made people symphatize with slaves - turned many in the North toward abolition. Lincoln called Harriette Beecher Stowe "the little lady who started a big war." (1852)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

At attempt by a hugely polarizing figure to take over a federal arsenol and to start a slave uprising - captured and executed - hugely polarizing figure.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

Promoted by guys like John C. Calhoun - belief that southerners need to stop saying slavery is a "peculiar institution" but a good thing b/c (1) conditions of slaves were better than immigrants of the north, (2) blacks were incapable of governing themselves and (3) slavery fuled the southern economy, thus the nations' economy.

"positive good" thesis

10th amendment - if it's not a federal power it's a state power - therefore since slavery isn't enumerated by the federal government it is reserved for the states.

States' rights

American entertainment - skits, variety shows, performed by whites in blackface (after CW blacks in blackface) - showed black people as stupid, lazy, superstitious, buffoonish - racial stereotyping

minstrel shows

passed in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House - ended in 1844 b/c of TX annexation (1845)

Gag rule

The idea to let residence of state decide the issue (problem - what about a territory?) - Stephen Douglass was the largest supporter of this (KS - NB Act)

Popular sovereignty

(1851) - (1) All citizens were deputized to find “runaway” slaves, (2) No one can testify for a slave. Result: Lots of kidnapping. Reaction: Personal liberty laws.

Fugitive Slave Act

(1854) - set up territories of KS and NB - territory each was to use popular sovereignty to decide the slavery question - led to "Bleeding KS"

Kansas Nebraska Act

(1856)- Result of the KS NB Act - Preston Brooks (SC) beat up Senator Sumner (later a Radical Republican) for his speech "the Crime against Kansas" - Brooks became a highly polarizing figure

Caining of Charles Sumner

violence in KS over the slavery issue -EX: Sack of Lawrence (pro-slavery) and the Pottawatomie Massacre (John Brown hacks up pro-slavery advocates). LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY (1856)

Bleeding Kansas

Pro-Slavery constitution in Kansas adopted due to boarder ruffians - Buchannan urges congress to accept this (1857)

LeCompton Constitution

Roger Taney said African Americans were property (so can't sue) - Congress couldn't prohibit slavery in any territory (no popular sovereignty) and Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (1857)

Dred Scott vs. Samford

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - started in the Washington administration over the power of the federal government.

First Party System

Democrats vs. Whigs started in the Jackson Administration - Whigs died over controversy over KS-NB act - most free soil Whigs joined the republicans. Know Nothings eventually joined Republicans

Second Party System

Democrats vs. Republicans - came into national prominence during the 1856 election.

Third Party System

During the Lincoln Douglas debates (1858) - this was Douglas’ statement that the country should ignore Dred Scott decision and do pop sov instead. Effect: no southern Democrat would vote for him (split the Democratic party in the 1860 election).

Freeport Doctrine

Democratic party split (b/c of Douglas' Freeport Doctrine) so Lincoln (Rep) won the Electoral College but only 40% of the popular vote

Election of 1860

Done in response to Lincoln's election. Buchannan had said secession was illegal but didn't do anything to stop it.

South Carolina Secession

proposed: constitutional amendment to protect slavery, Missouri Compromise line extended to California, with no slavery above and only slavery below (Lincoln rejected it as it would lead to more expansionist wars in Caribbean and central America)

Crittenden Compromise

1861- federal fort in SC - when Lincoln sent in supplies, SC soldiers fired and took the fort. Caused thousands of Northerners to sign up. First fighting of the Civil War.

Fort Sumter

More experienced military leadership, they didn't have to invade and take over northern territory (they were on defense), "military culture"

Advantages of the Confederacy

More population, more railroads, more industry, more money, more resources in general.

Advantages of the Union

Confederate form of government didn't give much centralized leadership (Jeff Davis did not have much power), not as many resources as the North, men could buy their way out of service ("Twenty Negro Law")

Disadvantages of the Confederacy

They had to invade and take over territory, men could buy their way out of service (led to NYC Draft Riots),

Disadvantages of the Union

to preserve the union

Lincoln's purpose in the Civil War

South's effort to bring in Britain to help, but that failed (especially after B. of Antietam)

Cotton Diplomacy

shown by the fact that many farmers refused to fight & there was lots of contraband (runaway slaves)

Southern Opposition to the War

Runaway southern slaves who joined the Union army.

Contraband

Copperheads & NYC Draft Riots

Northern Opposition to the War

Northern Democrats who wanted to make peace with the south

Copperheads

1863 - Poorer immigrants (mostly Irish) rioted against the war as a "rich man's war, but a poor man's fight" because wealthy men could pay thier way out of service. Attacked AFrican Americans and wealthy - shows Northern opposition to the war.

New York City Draft Riots

(1862) - Maryland, bloodiest single day battle of the war, significance b/c (1) convinced Europe not to intervene on behalf of the south (opposite of Saratoga), (2) massive loss of life led to the Emancipation Proclamation so northerners wouldn't leave

Battle of Antietam

(January 1, 1863) Freed slaves only in rebellion areas (not border states) - which Lincoln didn't really control. Purposes: (1) re-purposed the war into a moral crusade, (2) made it so African Americans would legally fight for North, (3) kept Confederacy from getting European support.

Emancipation Proclamation

Encouraged them to fight for the Union b/c it would prove their citizenship (which they had been denied in Dred Scott)

Frederick Douglass on African Americans in the War

(1863) - bloodiest overall battle of the war - made it clear the North would win, however Lincoln lost support.

Battle of Gettysburg

(1863)- dedication of the battle field cemetary - basically said don't let these men die in vein, keep fighting. Referred back to the Declaration ("four score and seven years ago...")

Gettysburg Address

Everything is mobilized for the war, therefore there really isn't such a thing as a "civilian" (ex: Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah)

Union's "total war" strategy

(1865) - forbad "involuntary servitude" (aka: no slavery)

13th Amendment

tenant farming and share cropping

How was the 13th amendment undermined?

(1868) - citizenship for African Americans

14th Amendment

blackcodes & allowing state governments to define "citizenship" (Slaughterhouse Cases)

How was the 14th amendment undermined?

(1870) - suffrage for African American Men (split women's rights movement)

15th Amendment

poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses

How did state governments undermine the 15th amendment?

opposed 15th amendment b/c it didn't allow women the right to vote - this causes the divorce between African American movement and women's rights movement

Opposition of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

laws designed to keep African Americans inferrior

Black codes

(1866) - terrorist group that worked to intimidate African Americans out of voting (denial of 15th amendment).

Ku Klux Klan

focused on healing the nation - Made clear in his 2nd inaugural - 10% of each state had to take the loyalty oath, the state had to ratify 13th amendment, and then allow the state back into the union.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

Spoke to Northerners telling them to focus on healing and not be overly harsh on the south. "With malice toward none and charity to all."

Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural

focused on turning back the clock so aristocratic southerners (who he hated) were back in charge - made them personally beg for forgiveness

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

military reconstruction to protect African Americans, also freedmans' bureau

Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan

Republicans who dominated Congress and wanted to punish the south - led by Charles Sumner (Senate) (the dude who got beat by Preston Brooks!) and Thaddeus Stevens (House)

Radical Republicans

Northerners who came to the south to take advantage of economic opporutnities there

Carpetbaggers

became first black senator (took Jefferson Davis' old seat from Mississippi);

Senator Hiram Revels

Senator of Mississippi from 1875 to 1881 and was one of the first African Americans to serve a full term in the Senate.

Senator Blache K Bruce

Federal agency which aided slaves in their transition to freedom during Reconstruction. - helped former slaves and impoverished whites by providing food, clothing, jobs, medicine, and medical care. Promised "40 acres and a mule," but didn't deliver. Vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress

Freedman's Bureau

Legislation that said you couldn't have black codes. Johnson vetoed this act, but Congress overrode the veto and it became the first legislation enacted over a veto.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

First president impeached. Resulted from his violation of the Tenure of Office Act, numerous vetoes, and his refusal to follow laws which limited his power

Johnson's Impeachment

(Solid South) - former slaveowners who staged a counterrevolution to "take back the south" by controlling state governments - basically restored African Americans to inferior status.

Redeemer governments

Practice where a family paid rent to rent the land and owned the crops they grew

Tenant Farming

Most common labor arrangement in Reconstruction south - whites and blacks - family farmed a portion of a white landowner's land in return for housing and a share of the crops.

Share Cropping

In the previous year's election, Southerners agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes so they would end military reconstruction in the south. After the military was withdrawn from the south, African Americans lost that protection, leaving them vulnerable to new, harsher black codes.

Compromise of 1877

1896-Case in which the Supreme Court ruled that while the Fourteenth Amendment ensured equality, did not mean blacks and whites had to have the same facilities. Made "separate but equal" facilities constitutional.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Laws that enforced segregation.

Jim Crow Laws