Lecture 1: Intro to A&P (1.2-1.5)

anatomy

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

physiology

study of the body’s functions

six levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal

anatomical position

standing up, feet shoulder width apart, face, palms, and toes forward; our reference point

supine

body lying face and torso up

prone

body lying face and torso down

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

superior

toward the head

inferior

toward the tail

proximal

closer to the point of origin

distal

further from the point of origin

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

further away from the midline

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

farther below the surface

axial and appendicular

two main regions

axial region

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left portions

midsagittal and parasagittal

sagittal plane types

frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior sections from head to toe

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections at the waist

diaphragm

separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

divisions of the abdominopelvic region

4 quadrants, 9 regions

four core principles

feedback loops, structure-function, gradients, and cell-cell communication

homeostasis

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment

set point

normal range

feedback loops

allow organisms to sense internal changes and make necessary adjustments

negative feedback loop

counteracts movement away from set point; restores homeostasis

positive feedback

amplifies a move away from set point; shifts further away from homeostasis

components of feedback loops

stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector

stimulus

deviation away from set point

sensor/receptor

detects stimulus and sends information to control center

control center

compares current condition to set point

effector

produces a physiological response, generally to return to set point

gradients

when there is a difference in the amount of a substance or condition between two locations; temperature, concentrations, or pressure

the two great communicators

nervous and endocrine systems