Studied by 10 people
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anatomy
the study of the structure of the body
physiology
study of the body’s functions
six levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal
anatomical position
standing up, feet shoulder width apart, face, palms, and toes forward; our reference point
supine
body lying face and torso up
prone
body lying face and torso down
anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
superior
toward the head
inferior
toward the tail
proximal
closer to the point of origin
distal
further from the point of origin
medial
closer to the midline
lateral
further away from the midline
superficial
closer to the surface
deep
farther below the surface
axial and appendicular
two main regions
axial region
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left portions
midsagittal and parasagittal
sagittal plane types
frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sections from head to toe
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections at the waist
diaphragm
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
divisions of the abdominopelvic region
4 quadrants, 9 regions
four core principles
feedback loops, structure-function, gradients, and cell-cell communication
homeostasis
maintaining a relatively constant internal environment
set point
normal range
feedback loops
allow organisms to sense internal changes and make necessary adjustments
negative feedback loop
counteracts movement away from set point; restores homeostasis
positive feedback
amplifies a move away from set point; shifts further away from homeostasis
components of feedback loops
stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector
stimulus
deviation away from set point
sensor/receptor
detects stimulus and sends information to control center
control center
compares current condition to set point
effector
produces a physiological response, generally to return to set point
gradients
when there is a difference in the amount of a substance or condition between two locations; temperature, concentrations, or pressure
the two great communicators
nervous and endocrine systems
