WHAP UNIT 8.6 Newly Independent States

Context

Newly independent states struggled to est. economic independence thru war debts + imperialism + migration

Metropoles

Large cities of former colonial rulers that attracted immigrants from former colonies

South Asia

- India/Pakistan: Pakistan’s partition = large migration of Hindus to India & Muslims to Pakistan → violence

• Kashmir: Muslims & Hindu Leader = armed conflict

  • India = Most + Pakistan + China = Least

- Women: Replaced husbands/fathers = rose to power

• Sirimavo Bandaranaike: Sri Lankan prime minister after husband’s assassination → socialism = land reform + restrict free market + new constitution = stalled economy

• Indira Gandhi: Nehru dies → Daughter wars against PKS w/ USSR & jails opposition

  • 20-point Economic Program: relieved corruption, inflation + production

  • Assassinated

• Benazir Bhutto: 1st elected female prime minister in Muslim country (PKS) failed to relieve already struggling economy

Africa

Tanzania: Independent from UK

• Julius Nyerere’s Ujamaa: Popular b/c socialist agriculture + literacy/edu. + couldn’t leave poverty

  • Away from Foreign Aid: But struggled b/c Ugandan conflicts etc.

Southeast Asia

Cambodia: Non-aligned monarchy independent from FRN

• Khmer Rouge: Communist guerilla force under Pol Pot took state control → Persecuted intellectuals + opps + famines

• Killing Fields: Mass graves

• Vietnam War: Invasion & control ended thru UN instituted free elections + constitutional monarchy + free market

SWANA

Israel: Increase immigration increases after Holocaust →

• more population pressure + tension w/ Arabs →

• UN Divides Jewish & Arab regions

- Israeli Defense Force: US-Backed Israel vs. Invading SYR + JOR + LEB + IRQ → IDF wins + thousands of refugees

• Six-Day War: ISR wins EGY’s Gaza Strip + JOR’s West Bank & East Jerusalem + SYR’s Golan Heights

• Camp David Accords: Peace treaty b/w ISR & EGY (Arabs reject)

• Palestinian Liberation Org. (PLO)

  • Fatah (West Bank) + Hamas (Gaza): Arab military factions as ISR = tighter control & majority of land