Chapter 44: Animal Sensory Systems

Vertigo

________ is a medical condition that makes affected people feel as if they are spinning or their environment is.

Magnetoreception

________ has been described in many groups of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, and all vertebrate classes.

Insects

________ have compound eyes composed of hundreds or thousands of light- sensing columns called ommatidia.

Animals

________ have a variety of mechanisms for mechanoreception- the detection of pressure changes.

Electrogenic fishes

________ have specialized organs near their tails that generate electric fields stronger than those of regular nerves or muscles.

gustation

The sense of taste, called ________, and the sense of smell, called olfaction, originate in chemoreceptors.

Early anatomists

________ established that the photoreceptors in vertebrate eyes come in two distinct types: small rod- shaped cells and cone- shaped cells, called rods and cones, respectively.

Hair cells

________, forming rows in the middle chamber, are embedded in tissue at sits atop the basilar membrane.

Nociceptors

________ sense harmful stimuli such as tissue injury.

Thermoreceptors

________ detect changes in temperature.

Mechanoreceptors

________ respond to distortion caused by pressure.

large quantities

The membranes contain ________ of a transmembrane protein called opsin; each opsin molecule is associated with a molecule of the pigment retinal.

Glutamate

________ triggers the sensation called umami, which is the meaty taste of the molecule monosodium ________ (MSG)

clusters of hair cells

The vestibule contains two dense ________ called maculae (singular: macula) that detect linear acceleration and orientation.

Bombykol

________ was the first chemically characterized pheromone, meaning a chemical that is secreted into the environment and that affects the behavior or physiology of animals of the same species.

iris

The ________ is a pigmented, round muscle just inside the cornea.

Photoreceptors

________ respond to particular wavelengths of light.

Chemoreceptors

________ detect specific molecules.

Electroreceptors

________ detect electric fields.

Sensory receptors

________ are membrane proteins 1at are categorized by type of stimulus:

pupil

The ________ is the hole in the center of the iris.

clear lens

Light enters the eye through the cornea and passes through the pupil and a curved, ________.

Airborne molecules

________ that convey information about food or 1e environment are called odorants.

two molecule complex

The ________ found in rod cells is called rhodopsin.

Magnetoreceptors

________ detect magnetic fields.

chemoreceptor

In humans, the ________ cells that sense taste are clustered in uctures known as taste buds.

Animals

________ detect heat energy by thermoreception and adjust their behaviors or physiological processes, such as shivering and sweating, in response.

sensory receptor

The first process, transduction, requires a(n) ________ cell specialized for converting light, sound, touch, or some other signal into an electrical signal.

Chemoreception

________ occurs when chemicals bind to ________ and thereby initiate action potentials in senso neurons.

The mammalian ear is the site of two important mechanosensations

hearing，the sensation produced by the wavelike changes in air pressure called sound, and equilibrium, the sensation of orientation, rotation, and acceleration

The vestibule contains two dense clusters of hair cells called maculae (singular

macula) that detect linear acceleration and orientation

Early anatomists established that the photoreceptors in vertebrate eyes come in two distinct types

small rod-shaped cells and cone-shaped cells, called rods and cones, respectively