Key terms for psychology HL

Bio, socio, cognitive, Abnormal, personal relationship.

Function of STM according to the memory store model.

The function of the STM is to temporarily hold information, for instance, visual or auditorial information. for us to manipulate this information and use this information for daily functions, for instance, decision making and critical thinking.

Describe the working memory model’s concepts of the phonological store and the articulatory process.

the Phonological store is where audio memory is stored once we have recieved it, while the articulatory process is where our verbal information is stored, for instance, our language. both having a limited capacity and are modality free. It allocates the necessary resources to each slave systems.

Describe three (3) features or functions of the central executive subsystem in the Working Memory Model.

• Phonological loop: Where audio information is stored and processed; modality free.

• Visiosketchpad: Where visual memory is stored; what we see

• Episodic buffer: consolidates and processes the information recieved and decides what to process; It is a control system that regulates information flow between the different slave systems

• It allocates the necessary resources to each slave system

• It has limited capacity

• It is modality-free and can accept information in a variety of formats

According to the dual process model, explain two reasons why System 1’s reliance on heuristics may result in more errors in decision-making.

Using heuristics allows us to focus on key elements of a problem or situation while ignoring less pertinent information. In doing so, important information may be overlooked.

• Heuristics may be easily influenced by cognitive biases, increasing the likelihood of error.

• Heuristics allow for the simplification of complex problems, potentially leading to oversimplification and, therefore, inaccurate decisions.

Describe three features or functions of the episodic buffer according to the working memory model.

Has limited capacity, it is communication between the long term memory and working memory, lastly, it combines different information from different store memory.

What is the first step of formation of memory according to the Multi store model?

Attention to a stimuli, this information is then sent to our sensory memory.

What are memory models? what are their implications and applications.

Memory models are hypothetical representations of how our memory works, making a complex process easy to understand while highlighting structural functionality. However, oversimplifying the memory system can undermine the importance of the influence that emotions, culture, and individual differences could have on the way that memory works.

Milner (1966) and Landry & Bartling (2011) have provided evidence to support that different types of memory function as separate entities, with the WMM building complexity around the framework that the MSM provided. Both models provide helpful information that allows us to understand perception, attention, and recall.

It is clear that there are still gaps in our knowledge, for example, neither model explains why we are able to recall information without much rehearsal, while when we make every attempt to revise and encode knowledge, we still cannot remember it.

Further research will help to inform future models of memory and can help to inform the gaps in our knowledge and address the limitations of the models we presently refer to.Memory models explain the organization and process of memory, guiding our understanding of memory's functionality and influences.

Define “thinking” and “decision making

thinking is a cognitive process that involves using information and knowledge to consider concepts and ideas. Whereas decision making makes use of thinking processes to make choices on the given situtation factors; making decisions that are the best course of action. (definite conclusion between given alternative options)

Define availability heuristics

When we use readily available information initial given to us, using it in order to easily come to a judgement. this is a cognitive bias that we use as we are cognitive misers.

Define the cognitive process “Memory”

Memory is the process by which we manipulate, store, and retrieve information and experiences. (We manipulate these as we have our own shemas and perceptions than anothers).