AP HUG UNIT 5 guided reading check 1

What is the Neolithic Revolution?

The first Agricultural Revolution where humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming.

Where did the Neolithic Revolution begin?

Southwest Asia.

What is agriculture?

Deliberate modification of the Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals for sustenance or economic gain.

What is a cash crop?

A crop produced for commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

What is the purpose of the Enclosure Act?

It allowed for farming innovations by consolidating fields and displacing tenant farmers.

What is agribusiness?

A system of commercial farming integrated into a large-scale industry.

What is the Green Revolution?

A period of agricultural transformation that increased food production worldwide, particularly in developing countries.

What crop was most affected by the Green Revolution in Asia?

Rice, specifically the IR36 variety.

What are GMOs?

Genetically modified organisms designed to survive herbicides and pesticides.

What are the critical minerals for increasing soil fertility?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Who won the Nobel Peace Prize for developing the 'miracle wheat seed'?

Norman Borlaug.

What are two main practices that led to increased agricultural production during the 1970s and 1980s?

Introduction of new higher-yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizer.

What are the concerns associated with the Green Revolution?

Increased reliance on chemicals, reduced organic matter in soil, and groundwater pollution.

What is subsistence farming?

Farming that produces food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.

What is commercial farming?

Farming that produces crops for sale in the market.

What is pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.

What is shifting cultivation?

A form of subsistence agriculture where land is cleared and used for a few years before being abandoned.

What is intensive wet rice dominant agriculture?

A form of agriculture where rice is grown in flooded fields, common in Southeast Asia.

What is the significance of the Fertile Crescent?

It is considered the cradle of agriculture where the first domesticated crops originated.

What is the impact of the Green Revolution on rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa?

It has converted lands traditionally used by women for subsistence into commercialized family plots.

What is the role of technology in agriculture?

Technological advancements such as seed drills and fertilizers have improved agricultural productivity.

What are the challenges faced by small subsistence farmers in the context of the Green Revolution?

They often do not benefit from increased production and may face increased dependency on transnational corporations.

What are examples of specialized crops?

Cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco, sugar cane.

What are the two ways subsistence farmers can increase food supply according to Ester Boserup?

1) Adopt new farming methods; 2) Leave land fallow for shorter times.

What illegal export crops have some developing countries turned to?

Drugs such as opium, cocaine, and marijuana.

What is the dilemma faced by farmers focusing on export crops?

They often lack the funds to secure necessary supplies.

What percentage of the world's population still lives in villages and rural areas?

50%.

What is the most common rural residential pattern globally in agricultural regions?

Nucleated settlement where houses are grouped together in clusters called villages.

How does the settlement pattern in the American Midwest differ from the global norm?

It features a dispersed settlement pattern with individual farmhouses far apart.

What advancements have aided commercial farmers?

New fertilizers, herbicides, hybrid plants, and electronics for precision planting.

What is the common name for the unit of measurement of dietary energy?

Calorie.

What subsistence agricultural activity is associated with pastoral nomadism?

Raising livestock.

What is the average daily calorie consumption in developing countries?

2,800 kcal.

What type of farm dominates commercial agriculture in the US?

Large-scale farms.

What methods does organic farming not use?

1) Herbicides/pesticides; 2) GMOs; 3) Animals confined to small spaces; 4) Limited use of antibiotics.

What region of the US has grown rapidly despite limited water supplies?

The Southwest.

What percentage of California's water usage is through agriculture?

80%.

What are the three activities most responsible for desertification?

Excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

What is desertification?

Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to desert-like conditions.

What is the average worldwide calorie consumption?

2,902 kcal.

What is the minimum amount of calories that an average individual needs to maintain moderate activity?

1,844 kcal.

What is one way homeowners are conserving water in California?

Replacing lawns with native landscapes of rocks and desert plants.

What is the trend in the number of farms/farmers in the US during the 20th century?

The number has declined rapidly.

What is the effect on the landscape if primogeniture is not used?

Considerable fragmentation of land.

What is the relationship between mechanization and farm size?

Larger farms tend to use more machinery.

What is the average daily calorie consumption in sub-Saharan Africa?

2,400 kcal.

What is the common name for large-scale corporate farming?

Industrial Agriculture.

What is the trend in the proportion of rural dwellers compared to the global population?

Decreasing due to urbanization.

What is the average American calorie consumption?

4,000 kcal.

What health problem in America has resulted from high calorie consumption?

Obesity.

What is one major challenge faced by subsistence farmers?

Financial instability and lack of resources.

What is the effect of urban sprawl on agricultural land?

It leads to the loss of prime agricultural land.

What is the significance of cash crops for farmers?

They must sell cash crops to raise funds for necessary supplies.

What is a common settlement pattern in Asia and Africa?

Nucleated settlements.

What is the average daily calorie consumption in developed countries?

3,600 kcal.

What is the impact of industrialized agriculture on subsistence farming?

It has led to a decline in traditional practices.