Psycology-Ch.10- Motivation and Emotion- Key terms

Motivation

a stimulus that can direct behavior,thinking,and feeling

incentive

an association established between a behavior and its consequences, which then motivates that behavior

extrinsic motivation

the drive or urge to continue a behavior because of external reinforcers

instrinsic motivation

a drive or urge to continue a behavior because of internal reinforcers

Instincts

Complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

drive-reduction theory

suggests that homeostasis motivates us to meet biological needs

needs

physiological or psychological requirements that must be maintained at some baseline or constant state

drive

a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal

arousal theory

Suggests that humans are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal, or alertness and engagement in the world.

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

A continuum of needs that are universal and ordered in terms of the strength of their associated drives

self-actualization

the need to be one's best and strive for one's fullest potential

self-determination theory

suggest that humans are born with the neeeds for competence,relatedness,and autonomy, which are always driving us in the direction of growth and optimal functioning

need for achievement

drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed

need for power

a drive to control and influence others

set point

the stable weight that is maintained despite variability in exercise and food intake

emotion

A psychological state that includes a subjective or inner experience, a physiological component, and a behavioral expression.

James-Lange Theory

suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

cognitive appraisal approach

Suggest that the appraisal or interpretation of interactions with surroundings causes an emotional reaction.

display rules

framework or guidelines for when, how, and where an emotion is expressed

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions