N212 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Flashcards

Flashcards for N212 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Review

Who are considered patients at risk for tuberculosis?

Immunocompromised individuals, those in close contact with infected persons, and those from endemic regions.

What is the BCG vaccine?

A vaccine for tuberculosis primarily used in countries with a high prevalence of TB.

What is the difference between active and latent TB?

Active TB shows symptoms and is contagious, while latent TB is asymptomatic and not contagious.

What are common symptoms of cystitis?

Frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal discomfort.

What are common symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Fever, flank pain, and urinary symptoms (similar to cystitis).

What lab findings are expected in a patient with pyelonephritis?

Elevated white blood cell count, presence of bacteria in urine, and potentially blood in urine.

What is Costovertebral Tenderness (CVAT)?

Pain elicited when tapping the area of the back overlying the kidney. Suggestive of kidney infection (pyelonephritis)

What cues in a patient's medical history suggest pyelonephritis?

Recurrent UTIs, kidney stones, or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract.

What medications are used to treat uncomplicated cystitis?

Typically treated with oral antibiotics such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin.

What medications are used to treat complicated cystitis?

May require broader-spectrum antibiotics or IV antibiotics, depending on severity.

Who is at risk for Meningitis?

Infants, children, adolescents, and immunocompromised individuals.

How is viral meningitis typically treated?

Supportive care, including rest, fluids, and pain relief.

How is bacterial meningitis typically treated?

Prompt administration of intravenous antibiotics.

What is Tinea?

A fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails.

What is Tinea Capitis?

Fungal infection of the scalp.

What is Tinea Corporis?

Fungal infection of the body (ringworm).

What is Tinea Cruris?

Fungal infection of the groin (jock itch).

What is Tinea Pedis?

Fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot).

What is the treatment for fungal infections?

Topical or oral antifungal medications.

What patient teaching is important for treating fungal infections?

Maintain good hygiene, keep the affected area dry, and complete the full course of medication.

How is malaria transmitted?

Through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.

What medications are used to treat malaria?

Chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), and other antimalarial drugs.

What medications are used to prevent malaria?

Prophylactic medications like doxycycline, mefloquine, or atovaquone/proguanil.

What diagnostic testing is used to detect malaria?

Microscopic examination of blood smears and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

Through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

What is Viral Load?

The amount of HIV virus in the blood.

What are the expected CD4 and T-cell findings in AIDS?

Low CD4 T-cell count (below 200 cells/mm3).

How does Lupus affect blood cells (RBCs)?

Can cause anemia due to autoimmune destruction of red blood cells.

What are the characteristics and symptoms of Lupus?

Fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes (butterfly rash), and fever.

What are the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction?

Hives, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, and wheezing.

What is the priority of care during an anaphylactic reaction?

Administer epinephrine, maintain airway, and provide oxygen.

What is the role of histamine in an allergic response?

Histamine causes vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, and bronchoconstriction.

How is influenza transmitted?

Through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

What is the antiviral treatment for influenza?

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza).

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water.

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

Through blood, semen, or other body fluids from an infected person.

How is Hepatitis C transmitted?

Through blood from an infected person.

What testing is used to detect Hepatitis B infection?

Blood tests for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), and Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc).

What protective immune response do vaccines stimulate?

Antibody production without causing disease.

What is an antigen when referencing vaccines?

A substance that stimulates an immune response, leading to antibody production.

What is the etiology of Sinusitis?

Viral or Bacterial Infection

What is the treatment for Viral Sinusitis?

Supportive Care

What is the treatment for Bacterial Sinusitis?

Antibiotics

What is an inhalation burn injury?

Damage to the respiratory tract caused by inhaling hot gases, smoke, or toxic chemicals.

What is Fluid Volume Loss associated with burns?

Damage to the Skin can cause significant fluid loss through evaporation leading to hypovolemia.

What are the Characteristics of OA vs RA?

OA is characterized by joint pain and stiffness due to cartilage breakdown, while RA is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints.

What are the expected lab findings in RA?

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF).

What testing is used for RA?

Rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP antibody, ESR, and CRP.

How does Obesity affect joint disease?

Obesity puts extra stress on joints, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis.

What causes Gastritis?

Inflammation of the stomach lining can be caused by H. pylori infection.

What treatments are used to treat H-Pylori?

Triple or quadruple therapy with antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor.

What patient teaching is important about diet and gastritis?

Avoid spicy foods, alcohol, and caffeine.

What are the symptoms of Pancreatitis?

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

What are the expected lab findings in Pancreatitis?

Elevated amylase and lipase levels.

What are the potential complications of untreated pancreatitis?

Pseudocyst formation, infection, and pancreatic necrosis.

Who is at risk for Pancreatitis?

Individuals with gallstones, alcohol abuse, or certain medications.

What is the Etiology of UC (Ulcerative Colitis)?

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the innermost lining of the large intestine and rectum.

What are the expected findings of Crohn's Disease?

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue.

What are the diagnostic tests used to identify inflammatory bowel disease?

Colonoscopy, endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging studies.

What are common causes of burns?

Fire, scalding liquids, chemicals, electricity, and radiation.

How do first-degree burns affect skin tissue?

Damage the epidermis, causing redness and pain.

How do second-degree burns affect skin tissue?

Damage the epidermis and dermis, causing blisters and pain.

How do third-degree burns affect skin tissue?

Damage the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, causing white or charred skin and insensitivity to pain.

What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza?

Respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing.

What is the significance of CD4 T-cells in HIV/AIDS?

CD4 T-cells are immune cells targeted and destroyed by HIV, leading to immune deficiency.

What is the normal range for CD4 T-cell count?

500 to 1,200 cells/mm3.

What is the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV management?

ART suppresses HIV replication, reduces viral load, and helps maintain or increase CD4 T-cell count.

What is the butterfly rash?

A characteristic skin rash across the cheeks and nose seen in Lupus.

What is the danger of Inhalation burn injury?

Can cause airway obstruction, respiratory distress, and pneumonia.

What are the risk factor for developing a UTI?

Female anatomy, sexual activity, catheterization, and urinary retention.

What is the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis?

To prevent complications such as sepsis, kidney damage, and chronic kidney disease.

What is the recommendation for UTI prevention?

Drink plenty of fluids, urinate frequently, and practice good hygiene.

How can healthcare-associated UTIs be prevented?

Strict adherence to catheter insertion and maintenance protocols.

What are the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction?

Difficulty breathing, wheezing, throat swelling, dizziness, and loss of consciousness.

How does epinephrine work during anaphylaxis?

It constricts blood vessels, relaxes airway muscles, and reverses the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

What are the potential long-term effects of lupus?

Kidney damage, heart problems, and neurological complications.

What are the risk factors that increase the likelyhood of developing Lupus?

Genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and hormonal influences.

How is malaria diagnosed?

By examining a blood sample under a microscope to identify the presence of malaria parasites.

How does malaria affect red blood cells?

The malaria parasite infects and destroys red blood cells, leading to anemia.

What are the prevention strategies for malaria?

Using mosquito nets, wearing protective clothing, and applying insect repellent.

What are the risk factors for meningitis?

Young age, weakened immune system, and living in close quarters.

How can meningitis be prevented?

Vaccination against certain types of bacteria and maintaining good hygiene.

What is the potential outcome of untreated bacterial meningitis?

Brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and death.

Which form of Tinea is commonly known as ringworm?

Tinea Corporis

What causes fungal infections?

Moist environments, weakened immune system, and poor hygiene.

How are fungal infections diagnosed?

By examining skin scrapings or nail clippings under a microscope.

What is the importance of completing the full course of antifungal medications?

To ensure complete eradication of the fungal infection and prevent recurrence.

What is the role of lifestyle modifications in managing gastritis?

Avoiding irritants, eating small frequent meals, and managing stress.

What are the potential complications of chronic gastritis?

Peptic ulcers, stomach bleeding, and increased risk of stomach cancer.

What are the long-term effects of chronic pancreatitis?

Malabsorption, diabetes, and chronic pain.

What is the link between obesity and joint disease?

Excess weight puts extra stress on weight-bearing joints, accelerating cartilage damage.

What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for osteoarthritis?

Weight management, physical therapy, and use of supportive devices.

How does rheumatoid arthritis affect other organs in the body?

It can affect the heart, lungs, eyes, and skin.

What is the role of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in treating RA?

DMARDs help reduce inflammation, slow disease progression, and prevent joint damage.

What is the difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, while ulcerative colitis only affects the colon.

What are the common symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue.

How is inflammatory bowel disease managed?

Medications, dietary modifications, and surgery.

What are the risk factors for developing IBD?

Genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, and environmental factors.

What are the potential complications of severe burns?

Infection, fluid loss, shock, and scarring.

How is fluid volume loss managed in burn patients?

Intravenous fluid resuscitation based on burn size and patient weight.