N212 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Flashcards

Patients and Populations at Risk

• Various diseases and conditions affect specific populations disproportionately.

BCG Vaccine

• Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used for tuberculosis (TB) prevention in high-risk populations.

Active vs. Latent TB

• Active TB: Disease is present with symptoms.
• Latent TB: Infection is present without symptoms; can become active.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) / Pyelonephritis

• Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys, while cystitis is a bladder infection.

Symptoms and Characteristics

• Pyelonephritis: Fever, flank pain, Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, vomiting.
• Cystitis: Dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain.

Expected Lab Findings

• UTIs: Positive leukocyte esterase, nitrites, and bacteria on urine dipstick; possible hematuria."

Costovertebral Tenderness

• Pain upon percussion of the CVA, indicating kidney inflammation.

Identifying Cues Suggesting Pyelonephritis

• Recent UTI, kidney stones, urinary catheterization, anatomical abnormalities.

Medications for Cystitis

• Uncomplicated: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin.
• Complicated: Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides; may require IV antibiotics.

Meningitis

At-Risk Populations

• Infants, children, adolescents in close quarters (e.g., dormitories), immunocompromised individuals.

Viral vs. Bacterial Treatment

• Bacterial: Requires immediate antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone, vancomycin).
• Viral: Often supportive care; antivirals for specific viruses (e.g., acyclovir for herpes simplex virus).

Tinea

Types of Tinea

• Tinea capitis: Scalp
• Tinea corporis: Body
• Tinea cruris: Groin (jock itch)
• Tinea pedis: Foot (athlete's foot)
• Tinea unguium: Nails (onychomycosis)

Treatment of Fungal Infections

• Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole) for skin infections; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, fluconazole) for severe or nail infections.

Patient Teaching

• Keep affected areas clean and dry; avoid sharing personal items; complete full course of medication.

Malaria

Medications

• Treatment: Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).
• Prevention: Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine.

Diagnostic Testing

• Microscopic examination of blood smears; rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting malaria antigens.

Transmission

• Through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.

HIV/AIDS

Transmission

• Sexual contact, shared needles, mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Viral Load

• Measures the amount of HIV RNA in the blood; indicates disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

CD4 and T-Cells

• Expected findings in AIDS: CD4 count < 200 cells/mm^3.

Lupus

Effects on Blood Cells

• Can cause anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia.

Characteristics and Symptoms

• Fatigue, joint pain, butterfly rash, fever, photosensitivity.

Anaphylaxis

Signs and Symptoms

• Hives, angioedema, wheezing, stridor, hypotension, tachycardia.

Prioritizing Care

• Administer epinephrine, call for help, ensure airway, administer oxygen, monitor vital signs.

Role of Histamine

• Histamine released during allergic response causes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

Influenza

Mode of Transmission

• Respiratory droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, or talking.

Antiviral Treatment

• Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza) – most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Hepatitis

Types and Transmission

• Hepatitis A: Fecal-oral
• Hepatitis B: Bloodborne, sexual
• Hepatitis C: Bloodborne

Testing to Detect Hepatitis B Infection

• HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc.

Protective Immune Response to Vaccines

• Vaccines stimulate antibody production without causing disease; antibodies provide immunity against specific antigens.

Sinusitis

Etiology

• Inflammation of the sinuses, often due to viral or bacterial infection.

Viral vs. Bacterial Treatments

• Viral: Supportive care (decongestants, pain relievers).
• Bacterial: Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin).

Burns

Inhalation Burn Injury

• Damage to the respiratory tract from heat or toxic chemicals.

Fluid Volume Loss

• Burns disrupt skin barrier, leading to significant fluid loss.

Types of Burn Injuries and Their Effect on Skin Tissue

• First-degree: Superficial, affecting only the epidermis.
• Second-degree: Partial thickness, affecting epidermis and dermis.
• Third-degree: Full thickness, destroying epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Arthritis

OA vs. RA

• Osteoarthritis (OA): Degenerative joint disease.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Autoimmune, inflammatory disease.

Expected Lab Findings in RA

• Elevated rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP antibodies, ESR, and CRP.

Testing for RA

• RF, anti-CCP, ESR, CRP, X-rays.

Obesity and Joint Disease

• Excess weight increases stress on joints, accelerating cartilage breakdown.

Gastritis

H. pylori

• Bacterium that can cause chronic gastritis and ulcers.

Treatment of H. pylori

• Triple or quadruple therapy (e.g., PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole).

Patient Teaching

• Avoid irritating foods, alcohol, and NSAIDs; eat small, frequent meals.

Pancreatitis

Symptoms

• Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.

Expected Lab Findings

• Elevated amylase and lipase levels.

Potential Complications

• Pseudocyst, abscess, ARDS, pancreatic necrosis.

Individuals at Risk

• History of gallstones, heavy alcohol use.

UC & Crohn's Dz

Etiology of UC

• Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Chronic inflammation of the colon.

Characteristics of Crohn's Disease

• Can affect any part of the GI tract; transmural inflammation; skip lesions.

Diagnostic Tests for IBD

• Colonoscopy, endoscopy, biopsy, stool studies, imaging (CT, MRI).