Chapter 11

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What are the key criteria for genetic material?

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36 Terms

1

What are the key criteria for genetic material?

  1. Information: Must contain necessary information to construct an entire organism. 2. Replication: Must be able to accurately copy itself. 3. Transmission: Needs to be passed from cell to cell and generation to generation. 4. Variation: Must allow for changes to account for diversity in species.

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2

What are the building blocks of DNA?

Nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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3

How is DNA structured?

DNA consists of a double helix formed by two strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds.

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4

What forms the backbone of DNA?

The sugar-phosphate connections along each strand.

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5

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

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6

Which bases pair together in DNA?

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

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7

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between A-T pairs?

Two hydrogen bonds.

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8

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between C-G pairs?

Three hydrogen bonds.

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9

Who discovered the double-helix structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick.

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10

What contribution did Rosalind Franklin make to the understanding of DNA?

She provided critical X-ray diffraction data that helped in the understanding of the DNA structure.

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11

What is semiconservative replication?

Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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12

Why is semiconservative replication important?

It ensures accurate transmission of genetic material to daughter cells.

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13

What happens during the initiation phase of DNA replication?

DNA unwinds, and replication origins are established, with helicase separating the DNA strands.

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14

What role does primase play in DNA replication?

Primase synthesizes RNA primers to start the replication process.

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15

What is the function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase attaches new nucleotides to the growing strand, following the base-pairing rules.

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16

How is the leading strand synthesized during DNA replication?

The leading strand is synthesized continuously.

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17

How is the lagging strand synthesized during DNA replication?

The lagging strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments.

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18

What happens during the termination phase of DNA replication?

RNA primers are replaced with DNA, and fragments are joined by DNA ligase to form two new DNA molecules.

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19

What is chromatin?

DNA wrapped around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes.

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20

How are chromosomes further packaged in eukaryotic cells?

Chromatin is further coiled and folded to form compact chromosomes.

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21

What does each eukaryotic chromosome contain?

Each eukaryotic chromosome contains a single, long molecule of DNA tightly packaged.

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22

What is the role of histones in DNA structure?

Histones are proteins around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes.

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23

How does DNA replication ensure fidelity?

By following strict base-pairing rules and utilizing DNA polymerase for proofreading.

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24

What role do Okazaki fragments play in DNA replication?

Okazaki fragments are segments of the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously during replication.

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25

What is the difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments.

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26

What is a replication fork?

The area where the DNA strands are separated to allow for replication.

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27

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication?

Helicase.

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28

What happens to nucleosomes when DNA is replicated?

They are temporarily reorganized to allow access to the DNA strands.

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29

In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

During the S phase (synthesis phase) of interphase.

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30

What is the significance of hydrogen bonding in base pairing?

It provides specificity and stability to the DNA structure.

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31

How does DNA's structure relate to its function as genetic material?

The double-helix structure allows for efficient storage and transmission of genetic information.

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32

What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrate?

It provided evidence for the semiconservative model of DNA replication.

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33

How do mutations occur in DNA?

Mutations can occur due to errors in replication, environmental factors, or spontaneous changes.

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34

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand and seals nicks in the DNA.

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35

What is the overall process involved in DNA replication?

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

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36

Why is the replication of DNA considered a highly regulated process?

To prevent errors and ensure proper division of genetic material during cell division.

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