AP Psych Unit 0-1

psychodynamic

unconcious mind

evolutionary perspective

inherited behaviors from ancestors

behavioral perspective

we’ve been conditioned to behave in certain ways

biological perspective

how the brain creates our emotions, memories, and experiences. it’s your body

cognitive approach

how we think (process, store, and retrieve information)

humanistic perspective

focuses on positive growth and goal setting, self actualization

cross-cultural perspective

how behavior and thinking varies across situations and cultures

biopsychosocial

biologically you do this, psychologically you do this, socio-culturally you do this. this is the most used one

empirical data

evidence that comes from observation, experience, and experimentation

operational definition

specific and measurable definition of the independent and dependent variables

qualitative and quantitative data

qualitative is non-numerical, quantitative is numerical

correlational research

technique used to discover a relationship between 2 or more variables

illusory correlations

perception of a relationship where none exists

confounding variable

this is a hidden or uncontrolled aspect that can distort the results

standard deviation

the computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

central nervous system

the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

connects the cns to the res of the body

somatic nervous system

controls the body’s skeletal muscles for voluntary movements

sensory neurons (afferent)

in the peripheral nervous system, carrying incoming information from the senses to the central nervous system

motor neurons (efferent)

in the Peripheral nervous system, carrying outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands

autonomic nervous system

controls the glands and involuntary movements of internal organs

sympathetic

arouses the body, fight flight or freeze, expends energy, accelerates heart rate

parasympathetic

calms the body, rest and digest, paralyzing, conserves energy, heart rate down

dendrite

branches off the nerve cell and recieves chemical messages from other neurons

axon

passes information to other neurons, muscles, and glands. this is the backbone of the neuron

axon terminal branches

branches that send messages to dendrites of other neurons. they end with axon terminal buttons, where neurotransmitters are located

glial cells

the mom to the cells, outnumber neurons 50;1 and provides structure, insulation, communication, and waste support

refractory period

when the neuron can’t refire and needs to recharge

multiple sclerosis (MS)

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks and destroys the protective covering of nerve cells, impairing signalling and weakness,spacity, fatigue

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune disorder where antibodies destroy the communication between nerve receptors on the muscle tissue, weakening skeletal muscles

synapse

junction between axon tip and dendrite of receiving neuron

presynaptic neuron

sending/firing neuron

postsynaptic neuron

receiving neuron

reuptake

excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron

SSRI

block the reuptake of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

memory and muscle contraction. too little is alzheimers. my muscles really ache

serotonin

affects mood, hunger, arousal. too little is depression

dopamine

reward, motivation, pleasure, too little is parkinson’s, too much is schizophrenia

norepinephrine

too little is depression, too much is mania aka bpd linked

sub p

the pain messenger. too much is stress and anxiety and obesity. too little is alzheimers and t1d

endorphines

the morphine within. it links to pain control and pleasure. too much is hyposensitivity to pain and too little is hypersensitivity to pain

gaba

too little is seizures, tremors and insomnia. alcohol increases gaba and slows down brain

glutamate

speeds the brain up. too much is migraines and seizures. alcohol decreases glutamate and blocks new memory

barbiturates

drugs that depress the central nervous system and reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgement

stimulants

drugs that excite the neural activity and speed up body functions

hallucinogens

mind manifesting drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input. marijuana, lsd, and shrooms

agonist

a chemical that is similar to a neurotransmitter and can mimic its effects

antagonist

a molecule that blocks a neurotransmitters release. alcohol is a glutamate antagonist

pituitary gland

in the limbic system, responsible for the growth hormone

leptin

turns off hunger and keeps you lean

gherkin

turns on hunger your stomach goes grrrrr

oxytocin

love hormone, helps babies and moms bond

medulla

beating heart and breathing and barfing and blinking. base of the brainstem if the medulla is damaged you die

thalamus

top of brain stem, relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory information

cerebellum

little brain, fine motor movements, procedural memory. if damaged, diffculty waking up and balancing

hypothalamus

controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland. interprets emotions and tells the pituitary gland whihc glands ned to secrate hormones. fight, flight feed, farenheight

hippocampus

processes and stores memories from short to long term. i will never forget a hippo on campus

amygdala

emotino, fear and agression. sarts the fight or flight response. tells your body to produce adrenaline

cerebrum

largest part of the brain responsible for complex mental activities. the ultimate control and information center

cortex

wrinky outer layer

contralateral control

left side of the brain controls irght side of body and vise versa. left is more active during logic and sequential tasks and language. right is more active during spatial, art, and musical activities

corpus callosum

neural fibers that connect the 2 brain hemisphers together and allows them to communicate

split brain

2 brain hemispheres are split. possible to survive but may have difficulty integrating vision, speech, and motor skills. purpose of splitting is to reduce seizures

frontal lobe

abstract thought, emotional control, planning and judgment. controls our personality and ability to communicate

motor cortex

voluntary movement of muscles

parietal lobe

recieves inocming touch sensations from the rest of the body. left side of the brain is right somatosensory cortex

occipital lobe

controls vision, think optical. left occipital lobe controls right eye and vice versa

temporal lobe

processes sound sensed by our ears

association areas

area in the cerebral cortex that is not motor, sensory, visual or auditory. it processes and integrates information from the senses

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere ot the brain

broca’s area

left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement involved in speech

wernicks area

area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension

brain plasticity

the brains ability to adapt as a result of experience