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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy.
Chloroplast
The part of the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs.
Thylakoids
Compartments within the chloroplast where the Light-Dependent Reactions take place.
Granum
A stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in thylakoids that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Stroma
The liquid within the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle occurs.
Light-Dependent Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis that converts light energy into chemical energy.
Calvin Cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis that converts ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide into glucose.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate, the basic unit of energy in cells.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration that splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules and occurs in the cytoplasm.
Krebs Cycle
The second stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The final stage of cellular respiration that produces the majority of ATP and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Aerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration processes that require oxygen, including the Krebs Cycle and ETC.
Anaerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration processes that do not require oxygen, such as glycolysis.
Pyruvate
The product of glycolysis, consisting of two 3-carbon molecules derived from glucose.
NADH
A carrier coenzyme produced during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle that transports electrons.
FADH
Another electron carrier produced in the Krebs Cycle.
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that converts ADP into ATP during the Electron Transport Chain.
Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Chemical Formula for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36ATP.
