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Nottingham national influences
HS2 - should have rebalanced the economy and support a Northern Powerhouse - weaken North-South divide - cuts mean fewer stops and no Toton hub
Government has promised that money saved by scrapping all Eastern parts of HS2 will be invested in regional transport e.g. upgrading links between Newark and Nottingham
Effects of deindustrialisation in the Rust Belt
Issues with gun crime
Life expectancy is up to 30 years lower than wealthier districts
Loss of 1 million residents in Detroit since 1950
Baltimore has 20,000 abandoned properties (lost 1/3 residents) - sold for as little as £1
Racial tensions in some area - white flight
Achievements of the Docklands regeneration
Tax incentives for companies stimulated the quaternary sector
100,000 commuters travel there
Newham is London’s most ethnically diverse Borough
Investment banks located here - London as a global financial hub
Problems with the Docklands regeneration
27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 an hour
High deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham
Lowest average life expectancy in London in Tower Hamlets
Role of planners influencing Stratford
Key objectives were to develop the economy and housing stock - may have led to issues with housing and social deprivation
Encouraged well known architects to design buildings - create flagship buildings
Tax incentives offered catalyst to growth
Population change influencing the Stratford
Gentrification - loss of community but improvement of aesthetics
Displacement of dockworkers put pressure on surrounding areas
Commuters don’t contribute to the community
Ethnic communities develop
How much money did the EU give per year for regeneration?
€5.8 billion e.g. Eden Project
Why was Grampound Community Shop beneficial?
Located in a small village in Cornwall - 800 people
Small shop selling basic necessities so people don’t have to travel
Founded by local community
Owned and run by the community
Out of 280 households, 257 are shareholders
Also had coffee shop so reduced isolation
How much money was invested in the London Docklands?
£10 billion
What 3 areas must every political party have policies on?
1 - Improving infrastructure
2 - Planning for specific needs
3 - Deregulating aspects of the economy/government policy to speed up processes - and consequently economic growth
What is the national government policy on migration?
Recruitment of workers from EU and non-EU countries to fill jobs
Fill shortage of workers like butchers and nursing assistants
Key players - National Government, Migrant Advisory Committee
Deregulation in London
Occurred in 1986 - finance sector deregulated
Any bank or individual could trade shares, oversea barriers removed
Key players - tory government, Margaret Thatcher
Raised profile of London as financial hub
Government policy on fracking
Affected areas would include the Midlands, South, National Parks
50 years of gas supply for the UK
3.5 million jobs by 2035
Damage soils, pollution of aquifers, small EQs
Expansion of Heathrow Airport
Aim is to reduce air traffic through the 3rd runway and increase revenue due to more flights
700 more planes a day
Local people oppose due to air and noise pollution and disruption
Increased CO2 emissions
Government policy on HS2
Aimed to connect the North and the South to tackle the North-South divide
Affected London, West Midlands, Manchester
Would have created 60,000 jobs
Was £20 billion over budget
108 woodlands destroyed
Government policy on new housing and the housing crisis
Need 300,000 new houses per year
There has been an average price increase for homes of 1,145% since 1980
8.4 million people in England are living in unsuitable/insecure/unaffordable housing
In 2020, 247,000 homes were being built each year.
What are enterprise zones?
Designated districts across England which provide tax breaks and government subsidies
Encourage businesses to set up there and begin a positive multiplier effect.
Nottingham Science Park
Partnership with and proximity to University of Nottingham creates grad jobs - keeps students in Nottingham
Partnership with D2N2
Can create a positive multiplier effect
Companies include Upperton, Acres Architects and SPG Innovation
Only quaternary jobs so doesn’t help with 4Ds
Why is Nottingham attractive for investment?
89% of England and Wales is within a 4 hours drive
UoN and Nottingham Trent graduates can support innovation
More affordable housing and office space compared to SE
East Midlands Aiport
£1bn invested in Nottingham’s infrastructure
What was the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park project?
Turn an area of 250 hectares into the Olympic Park and revive the contaminated and neglected land into a community that survives after the games
Players included: London Mayor, London Legacy Development Corporation, Greater London Authority, National Government
What was the East Village project?
To build and then repurpose the 2012 Olympic Games athlete’s village into 2818 homes
Players included: Get Living London, Triathlon Homes, Community Land Trust
What was the Westfield Stratford City project?
Largest urban shopping and leisure destination in Europe
Players include: Unibail, Rodamco, Westfield, Zara, Vue Cinema
What were the employment opportunities provided by the Newham projects?
Construction jobs in the building of the Olympic Park
3,700 jobs for local people in Westfield
However, there were 10,000 jobs overall in Westfield so less than half were for local people
Here East is quaternary so doesn’t help with 4Ds
How did the Newham projects impact availability and affordability of housing?
0-24% of the new housing is actually affordable
Affordability was based on market price, not local income
No Community Land Trust homes
Area gentrified - students, travellers and low income people were moved from the area and wealthy professionals benefited from the new housing
San Francisco strengths
Silicon Valley - Tech companies like Facebook and Uber
Almost 1/3 of the world’s biotechnology workforce is employed here
Prominent tourism industry - $6.73bn annually
San Francisco weaknesses
11.3% poverty rate in 2015 - high for region
Influx of high paid tech workers has gentrified the area and made it unaffordable for low-wage workers
High rate of property crime (48.94 per 1000 residents compared to the rest of California)
San Francisco opportunities
Job creation and building improvements if San Francisco follows LA county is requiring EQ retrofitting
Silicon Valley continues to grow so the number of quaternary jobs will also grow
San Francisco threats
California hasn’t had a large EQ in a long time and is due one
Climate change may cause more extreme heat events, increased air pollution, longer droughts and flooding
Housing bubble may pop and cause house prices to plummet
What are the key principles of an eco town?
Small new towns with high standards for sustainability
They are not entirely self sufficient and should have high quality public transport links to major settlements
The development as a whole should reach zero carbon standards
Affordable housing should make up 30-50% of the total
Who are the key players of Elmsbrook?
Bioregional - sustainability charity and consultant
TownSq Spaces - run a collaborative workspace in the eco-business centre
What is the UK government policy on farming?
Reconsider and adapt - farming will not provide people with sufficient income - farm diversification
How much more does the same house in a rural area cost than in an urban area?
30%
How much has the rural population been declining by since 2017?
1.1%
What % do farmers contribute to the UK economy?
2%
How much longer do rural residents have to wait for an ambulance?
3x
Rural crime is also harder to police - issues with services
Cornwall key facts
Population of 570,000
17 of its districts have at one point been within the top 10 most deprived areas of the UK
Used to mine tin, copper silver
Popular for tourists and surfers
Farming in Cornwall
Declined due to falling farm revenues as supermarkets aim to be competitive
Cheaper imported foods from other countries
EU milk ,e.g. from Poland, is half the cost of UK milk
Reduction in EU subsidies and government grants so rapid decline in dairy farming.
Fishing in Cornwall
EU quotas allocated some Cornish fish stocks to European fishing vessels - increased competition and lowered prices
Stocks of many types of fish, like cod, have declined due to over-fishing of young fish
Tin and copper mining in Cornwall
Tin and copper veins have mostly run out
Tin prices collapsed due to overseas competition
Exchange rate has made UK tin more expensive
Only 6 modern tine mines in Cornwall
Quarrying in Cornwall
St Austell has some of the best china clay reserves
In the 1960s, 10,000 worked in the Cornish clay industry
By 2015, a French TNC had cut the labour force down to 800 and moved much of the clay extraction to Brazil
The remaining quarries rely on tech, not people
Newquay Aerohub Science Park
2015
On the same site as Newquay Airport
75 acre site
It has 20 years of planning freedom
Array of funding packages available
Daily flights to London
Superfast broadband
Newquay Aerohub Science Park strengths
Knowledge based industries attracted
Opportunities for jobs and attract skilled workers
More flights so attracts more tourists in summer
Positive change to rural economy
Attractive location may encourage employees to relocate
20 years on-site planning freedom
Newquay Aerohub Science Park weaknesses
Doesn’t solve the issue of tourism being seasonal
Lack of post-graduates looking to work in places like this due to the weak university presence in Cornwall
Planning freedom only applies to the site so road networks haven’t improved
Newquay Aerohub Science Park opportunities
Could create UK hub for aerospace industry
Encourage FDI if TNCs locate here
Positive multiplier effect - well paid quaternary workers
Could attract graduates from places like the Cornwall campuses of the University of Exeter
Newquay Aerohub Science Park threats
NIMBY attitude could cause people to protest the use of the airport runway
Geographical isolation remains especially due to lack of transport infrastructure
Aging population may dissuade some investors
Jet fuel and rocket fuel are highly polluting
How many homes could be built across brownfield sites in England
1 million across 18,000 brownfield sites - Campaign to Protect Rural England
What is the Eden project?
The Eden Project is a popular tourist attraction located in Cornwall, England. It is a large botanical garden that features several biomes, including the world's largest greenhouse. The project aims to educate visitors about the importance of plants and sustainability
Global movement with 12 similar Eden Projects being built around the world
Eden Project 11 being built in Morecambe
Key players for the Eden Project
National Lottery (£56 million)
EU (£50 million)
South-West Regional Development Agency (£20 million)
Commercial loans and other funds (£14 million)
How has the Eden Project been used?
Garden centre, school, education centre, concert venue, filming location, meeting location (G7)
Benefits of the Eden Project - social
650 people directly employed, supports 3000 others
Educated 600,000 children
Changed perception of Cornwall
Benefits of the Eden Project - economic
Generated £2 billion
Attracted 13 million visitors
Increased whole tourism sector in Cornwall - including out of season tourism
Encouraged infrastructure investment
Benefits of the Eden Project - environmental
Largest rainforest in captivity
1000+ varieties of plant
450+ rare species
Encourage eco-friendly methods of transportation to the site - free entry to those who cycle there
Costs of the Eden Project - Social
Clashes between tourists and locals as tourists don’t respect areas
Demand for housing around the site has increased
Costs of the Eden Project - economic
Cost of an average adult entry is £27.50 - expensive
Needs annual repairs and maintenance - £70 million
Jobs on site are still low payed and may be seasonal
Costs of the Eden Project - environmental
Traffic congestion around the site increases air and noise pollution
Litter frequently an issue
Most visitors travel by car or bus
What is an example of a sink estate?
Butchers Road Estate in Newham
Bronte Country key details - rural rebranding
Part of Yorkshire West Riding and Lancashire
Takes name from the Bronte Sisters who wrote books including Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights
Mainly rural areas but does include urban areas like Bradford, Leeds and Burnley
Kielder Forest key details - rural rebranding
Biggest man-made forest and lake in Europe
250 square miles of forest created in the 1930s
Home to 50% of the total red squirrel population
345,000 annual visitors
Kielder Forest - astrotourism
Kielder Observatory opened in 2008
Darkest skies in England
450,000 visitors to the observatory in the last 5 years
Key players - Visit England, Forestry England, Northumberland International Dark Sky Park
Kielder Forest - outdoor adventure
Garden centres, campsites, adventure playgrounds
Watersports on lake
Award winning art and architecture
105 miles of offroad cycling
Kielder Bird of Prey Centre
Kielder Forest - forestation
2.5 million trees planted each winter
Largest salmon hatchery in England - 900,000 a year
Each year, half a million metres cubed of timber harvested
Largest working forest in England
50% of England’s red squirrel population
Key players - Environment Agency, Forestry Commission
Bronte Country - literary rebranding
Bronte Parsonage Museum, Pondon Hall, Haworth Village, Contemporary Arts Programme
Contemporary Arts Programme - events, exhibitions, competitions, festivals
Key players - Bronte Parsonage Museum, Visit England
Bronte Country - farm diversification
Paintball, airsoft, farm shops, tea rooms, galleries
10 equestrian centres
Bronte Country - themed events
Farmers markets, food fairs
Baildon Farmers Market
Markets had to close during Covid
Bronte Country - outdoor adventure
20 outdoor adventure centres running since 2000s
East Riddlesden Hall, Hardcastle Crags, Gawthorpe Hall
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