Regeneration Key Facts and Case Studies (copy)

Nottingham national influences

HS2 - should have rebalanced the economy and support a Northern Powerhouse - weaken North-South divide - cuts mean fewer stops and no Toton hub

Government has promised that money saved by scrapping all Eastern parts of HS2 will be invested in regional transport e.g. upgrading links between Newark and Nottingham

Effects of deindustrialisation in the Rust Belt

Issues with gun crime

Life expectancy is up to 30 years lower than wealthier districts

Loss of 1 million residents in Detroit since 1950

Baltimore has 20,000 abandoned properties (lost 1/3 residents) - sold for as little as £1

Racial tensions in some area - white flight

Achievements of the Docklands regeneration

Tax incentives for companies stimulated the quaternary sector

100,000 commuters travel there

Newham is London’s most ethnically diverse Borough

Investment banks located here - London as a global financial hub

Problems with the Docklands regeneration

27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 an hour

High deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham

Lowest average life expectancy in London in Tower Hamlets

Role of planners influencing Stratford

Key objectives were to develop the economy and housing stock - may have led to issues with housing and social deprivation

Encouraged well known architects to design buildings - create flagship buildings

Tax incentives offered catalyst to growth

Population change influencing the Stratford

Gentrification - loss of community but improvement of aesthetics

Displacement of dockworkers put pressure on surrounding areas

Commuters don’t contribute to the community

Ethnic communities develop

How much money did the EU give per year for regeneration?

€5.8 billion e.g. Eden Project

Why was Grampound Community Shop beneficial?

Located in a small village in Cornwall - 800 people

Small shop selling basic necessities so people don’t have to travel

Founded by local community

Owned and run by the community

Out of 280 households, 257 are shareholders

Also had coffee shop so reduced isolation

How much money was invested in the London Docklands?

£10 billion

What 3 areas must every political party have policies on?

1 - Improving infrastructure

2 - Planning for specific needs

3 - Deregulating aspects of the economy/government policy to speed up processes - and consequently economic growth

What is the national government policy on migration?

Recruitment of workers from EU and non-EU countries to fill jobs

Fill shortage of workers like butchers and nursing assistants

Key players - National Government, Migrant Advisory Committee

Deregulation in London

Occurred in 1986 - finance sector deregulated

Any bank or individual could trade shares, oversea barriers removed

Key players - tory government, Margaret Thatcher

Raised profile of London as financial hub

Government policy on fracking

Affected areas would include the Midlands, South, National Parks

50 years of gas supply for the UK

3.5 million jobs by 2035

Damage soils, pollution of aquifers, small EQs

Expansion of Heathrow Airport

Aim is to reduce air traffic through the 3rd runway and increase revenue due to more flights

700 more planes a day

Local people oppose due to air and noise pollution and disruption

Increased CO2 emissions

Government policy on HS2

Aimed to connect the North and the South to tackle the North-South divide

Affected London, West Midlands, Manchester

Would have created 60,000 jobs

Was £20 billion over budget

108 woodlands destroyed

Government policy on new housing and the housing crisis

Need 300,000 new houses per year

There has been an average price increase for homes of 1,145% since 1980

8.4 million people in England are living in unsuitable/insecure/unaffordable housing

In 2020, 247,000 homes were being built each year.

What are enterprise zones?

Designated districts across England which provide tax breaks and government subsidies

Encourage businesses to set up there and begin a positive multiplier effect.

Nottingham Science Park

Partnership with and proximity to University of Nottingham creates grad jobs - keeps students in Nottingham

Partnership with D2N2

Can create a positive multiplier effect

Companies include Upperton, Acres Architects and SPG Innovation

Only quaternary jobs so doesn’t help with 4Ds

Why is Nottingham attractive for investment?

89% of England and Wales is within a 4 hours drive

UoN and Nottingham Trent graduates can support innovation

More affordable housing and office space compared to SE

East Midlands Aiport

£1bn invested in Nottingham’s infrastructure

What was the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park project?

Turn an area of 250 hectares into the Olympic Park and revive the contaminated and neglected land into a community that survives after the games

Players included: London Mayor, London Legacy Development Corporation, Greater London Authority, National Government

What was the East Village project?

To build and then repurpose the 2012 Olympic Games athlete’s village into 2818 homes

Players included: Get Living London, Triathlon Homes, Community Land Trust

What was the Westfield Stratford City project?

Largest urban shopping and leisure destination in Europe

Players include: Unibail, Rodamco, Westfield, Zara, Vue Cinema

What were the employment opportunities provided by the Newham projects?

Construction jobs in the building of the Olympic Park

3,700 jobs for local people in Westfield

However, there were 10,000 jobs overall in Westfield so less than half were for local people

Here East is quaternary so doesn’t help with 4Ds

How did the Newham projects impact availability and affordability of housing?

0-24% of the new housing is actually affordable

Affordability was based on market price, not local income

No Community Land Trust homes

Area gentrified - students, travellers and low income people were moved from the area and wealthy professionals benefited from the new housing

San Francisco strengths

Silicon Valley - Tech companies like Facebook and Uber

Almost 1/3 of the world’s biotechnology workforce is employed here

Prominent tourism industry - $6.73bn annually

San Francisco weaknesses

11.3% poverty rate in 2015 - high for region

Influx of high paid tech workers has gentrified the area and made it unaffordable for low-wage workers

High rate of property crime (48.94 per 1000 residents compared to the rest of California)

San Francisco opportunities

Job creation and building improvements if San Francisco follows LA county is requiring EQ retrofitting

Silicon Valley continues to grow so the number of quaternary jobs will also grow

San Francisco threats

California hasn’t had a large EQ in a long time and is due one

Climate change may cause more extreme heat events, increased air pollution, longer droughts and flooding

Housing bubble may pop and cause house prices to plummet

What are the key principles of an eco town?

Small new towns with high standards for sustainability

They are not entirely self sufficient and should have high quality public transport links to major settlements

The development as a whole should reach zero carbon standards

Affordable housing should make up 30-50% of the total

Who are the key players of Elmsbrook?

Bioregional - sustainability charity and consultant

TownSq Spaces - run a collaborative workspace in the eco-business centre

What is the UK government policy on farming?

Reconsider and adapt - farming will not provide people with sufficient income - farm diversification

How much more does the same house in a rural area cost than in an urban area?

30%

How much has the rural population been declining by since 2017?

1.1%

What % do farmers contribute to the UK economy?

2%

How much longer do rural residents have to wait for an ambulance?

3x

Rural crime is also harder to police - issues with services

Cornwall key facts

Population of 570,000

17 of its districts have at one point been within the top 10 most deprived areas of the UK

Used to mine tin, copper silver

Popular for tourists and surfers

Farming in Cornwall

Declined due to falling farm revenues as supermarkets aim to be competitive

Cheaper imported foods from other countries

EU milk ,e.g. from Poland, is half the cost of UK milk

Reduction in EU subsidies and government grants so rapid decline in dairy farming.

Fishing in Cornwall

EU quotas allocated some Cornish fish stocks to European fishing vessels - increased competition and lowered prices

Stocks of many types of fish, like cod, have declined due to over-fishing of young fish

Tin and copper mining in Cornwall

Tin and copper veins have mostly run out

Tin prices collapsed due to overseas competition

Exchange rate has made UK tin more expensive

Only 6 modern tine mines in Cornwall

Quarrying in Cornwall

St Austell has some of the best china clay reserves

In the 1960s, 10,000 worked in the Cornish clay industry

By 2015, a French TNC had cut the labour force down to 800 and moved much of the clay extraction to Brazil

The remaining quarries rely on tech, not people

Newquay Aerohub Science Park

2015

On the same site as Newquay Airport

75 acre site

It has 20 years of planning freedom

Array of funding packages available

Daily flights to London

Superfast broadband

Newquay Aerohub Science Park strengths

Knowledge based industries attracted

Opportunities for jobs and attract skilled workers

More flights so attracts more tourists in summer

Positive change to rural economy

Attractive location may encourage employees to relocate

20 years on-site planning freedom

Newquay Aerohub Science Park weaknesses

Doesn’t solve the issue of tourism being seasonal

Lack of post-graduates looking to work in places like this due to the weak university presence in Cornwall

Planning freedom only applies to the site so road networks haven’t improved

Newquay Aerohub Science Park opportunities

Could create UK hub for aerospace industry

Encourage FDI if TNCs locate here

Positive multiplier effect - well paid quaternary workers

Could attract graduates from places like the Cornwall campuses of the University of Exeter

Newquay Aerohub Science Park threats

NIMBY attitude could cause people to protest the use of the airport runway

Geographical isolation remains especially due to lack of transport infrastructure

Aging population may dissuade some investors

Jet fuel and rocket fuel are highly polluting

How many homes could be built across brownfield sites in England

1 million across 18,000 brownfield sites - Campaign to Protect Rural England

What is the Eden project?

The Eden Project is a popular tourist attraction located in Cornwall, England. It is a large botanical garden that features several biomes, including the world's largest greenhouse. The project aims to educate visitors about the importance of plants and sustainability

Global movement with 12 similar Eden Projects being built around the world

Eden Project 11 being built in Morecambe

Key players for the Eden Project

National Lottery (£56 million)

EU (£50 million)

South-West Regional Development Agency (£20 million)

Commercial loans and other funds (£14 million)

How has the Eden Project been used?

Garden centre, school, education centre, concert venue, filming location, meeting location (G7)

Benefits of the Eden Project - social

650 people directly employed, supports 3000 others

Educated 600,000 children

Changed perception of Cornwall

Benefits of the Eden Project - economic

Generated £2 billion

Attracted 13 million visitors

Increased whole tourism sector in Cornwall - including out of season tourism

Encouraged infrastructure investment

Benefits of the Eden Project - environmental

Largest rainforest in captivity

1000+ varieties of plant

450+ rare species

Encourage eco-friendly methods of transportation to the site - free entry to those who cycle there

Costs of the Eden Project - Social

Clashes between tourists and locals as tourists don’t respect areas

Demand for housing around the site has increased

Costs of the Eden Project - economic

Cost of an average adult entry is £27.50 - expensive

Needs annual repairs and maintenance - £70 million

Jobs on site are still low payed and may be seasonal

Costs of the Eden Project - environmental

Traffic congestion around the site increases air and noise pollution

Litter frequently an issue

Most visitors travel by car or bus

What is an example of a sink estate?

Butchers Road Estate in Newham

Bronte Country key details - rural rebranding

Part of Yorkshire West Riding and Lancashire

Takes name from the Bronte Sisters who wrote books including Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights

Mainly rural areas but does include urban areas like Bradford, Leeds and Burnley

Kielder Forest key details - rural rebranding

Biggest man-made forest and lake in Europe

250 square miles of forest created in the 1930s

Home to 50% of the total red squirrel population

345,000 annual visitors

Kielder Forest - astrotourism

Kielder Observatory opened in 2008

Darkest skies in England

450,000 visitors to the observatory in the last 5 years

Key players - Visit England, Forestry England, Northumberland International Dark Sky Park

Kielder Forest - outdoor adventure

Garden centres, campsites, adventure playgrounds

Watersports on lake

Award winning art and architecture

105 miles of offroad cycling

Kielder Bird of Prey Centre

Kielder Forest - forestation

2.5 million trees planted each winter

Largest salmon hatchery in England - 900,000 a year

Each year, half a million metres cubed of timber harvested

Largest working forest in England

50% of England’s red squirrel population

Key players - Environment Agency, Forestry Commission

Bronte Country - literary rebranding

Bronte Parsonage Museum, Pondon Hall, Haworth Village, Contemporary Arts Programme

Contemporary Arts Programme - events, exhibitions, competitions, festivals

Key players - Bronte Parsonage Museum, Visit England

Bronte Country - farm diversification

Paintball, airsoft, farm shops, tea rooms, galleries

10 equestrian centres

Bronte Country - themed events

Farmers markets, food fairs

Baildon Farmers Market

Markets had to close during Covid

Bronte Country - outdoor adventure

20 outdoor adventure centres running since 2000s

East Riddlesden Hall, Hardcastle Crags, Gawthorpe Hall