The New Republic - U.S. History

Articles of Confederation

Colonies now states - independent governing

Northwest Ordinance

(1784-1787)
Orderly development
Settlement, bill of rights, admission
Land value continually increases
Role of the Ohio River
Prohibit institution of enslavement north of Ohio river (mason-dixon line) - basically Pennsylvania in north and Maryland in south
Ohio River - the river Jordan (symbolic title)

Shay's Rebellion

January 1787
Massachusetts
Rebelling due to hatred of taxes being enforced (somewhat a part two scenario)
Take over armory
Delegates from every colony lined up with Washington and Madison upfront
More Virginians than any other colony - due to largest and wealthiest population
Population of Virginia 10x more than Rhode Island

Virginia Plan

Wanted by Madison
Presented by Randolph
Based on population
Two house legislature
Upper house elected by lower house - all by popular vote
Single executive elected on a fixed term
National judiciary elected by the legislature
Council of Revision - judicial review

New Jersey Plan

By Patterson
Based on representation
One house legislature
Equal state representation
Power to regulate tax and trade
Have executive branch
Judiciary branch
Supremacy clause

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise

Combined Virginia and New Jersey Plan
Only allow House of Representatives to serve 2 years
Lower chamber (Congress) - want them to be as close to the people as possible
Citizen for 7 years in order to get in office
In charge of taxes
Upper chamber (Senate)
Serve 6 years
Citizen for 9 years in order to get in office
House is proportional representation, Senate is equal representation

3/5 Clause/Compromise & Non-Importation by 1808

⅗ Clause: ⅗ of enslaved population will count towards the population count for representation in the House
Non-Importation by 1808: agreement that slaves will no longer be imported by 1808

Federalists v Anti-Federalists

(1787-1788)
Federalists
Checks and division of state/fed power would stop tyranny
Elected officials of the better sort would voice populace
Elitists
Better at public relations
Publish the Federalist, political tract, answered critics
Antifederalists
Feared too strong central power
Loss of individual rights, lack of bill of rights
Sam Adams and Patrick Henry
Farmers, poor sort, fearing taxation

The Federalist Essays

1787-1788
Calm fears of state legislatures and get Antifederalists on board to ratify the Constitution
Written by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton

Bill of Rights

Protects rights of individuals at federal level, not just state level
3 delegates refuse to sign to ratify the Constitution since there is no Bill of Rights on it

Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plans: Report on Public Credit,

Hamilton proposes that the government assumes the entire indebtedness of both the federal government assume the entire indebtedness of both federal government and the states, and retire the old deprecated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate

National Bank, Report on Manufactures, Excise Tax on Whiskey

Hamilton Proposed these ideas → supported the federalists
DR didn't support this because they felt like the US was becoming more similar to Britain

Dinner Compromise

Dinner meeting → a compromise over the previous debt plan
1790

Whiskey Rebellion

July 1794 - Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland
Pittsburg, PA
7K angry famous protest
13K Washington & troops
*only powerful protest allowed

Federalists v Democratic-Republicans

Federalists - Hamilton
Strong central government
Democratic-Republicans - Jefferson
State government stronger than central government

Washington's Farewell Address

1796
Actually written by Hamilton
Sets 2 precedents: leaving office after 2 terms, giving a farewell address
Addresses both domestic and foreign ideas with a grateful and humble tone
Domestic: unity above all (keeping troops together was Washington's gift)
Foreign: establishes "great rule of conduct" which extends trade as much as possible but not creating too many alliances, maintain neutrality (remain neutral with political connections, keep things strictly economical)

XYZ Affair

Adam's Presidency
"French demand for bribes from American negotiators that triggered great anger."

Alien and Sedition Acts

"A series of laws passed in 1789 under the label of national security but that were intended to suppress dissent and block the rise of the Republican faction."

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

"Jefferson's and Madison's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Resolution stressed states' rights and the power of nullification in response to Alien and Sedition Acts."

Election of 1800 (Jefferson/Burr v Adams/Pinckney)

Jefferson and Burr tied in their election and it ties multiple times, so Hamilton says something along the lines of we would rather have known evil(Jefferson) running our country over unknown evil(Burr)
Burr changed political parties to win and have authority
Hamilton strongly dislikes him
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and kills him

Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin

Under Jefferson's Presidency, Madison - until 1814
½ army (cut it in half)
⅔ navy budget (cut into two thirds)
Reduced the national debt from $83 to $57 million
People don't want debt
Hamilton stating debt can be beneficial
Farmer no like - debt reduced
Repealed whiskey tax and Alien and Sedition Acts
In place until end of Adams Presidency

Marshall Court

Court of Federalist stronghold under John Marshall (1801-1835)
Second cousin of Thomas Jefferson - don't see eye to eye
Federalist (Marshall) vs. Republican (Jefferson)
Supreme Court upheld federal supremacy over the states while protecting commercial interests
Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison case establishes the Supreme Court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Establishment of judicial review
Marbury - right to job (judicial appointee - Madison says oops no job)

Louisiana Purchase

Robert Lewington was an American ambassador went to France to pay 5 million dollars for New Orleans, and Napoleon wants money for his land war so he says 15 million for the whole region

Embargo Act of 1807

Not import or export any goods
Hurts the US

"War Hawks"

Clay and Calhoun → people who were looking for war, which started the war against Britain for Canada

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the war between the US and Britain over land(Which is now Canada)
1812