World History Unit 6.2

What were people's lives like before the Industrial Revolution?

Life was slow-paced, with limited population growth due to high mortality rates, limited resources, and poor healthcare.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

The increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the 18th century, leading to mass production and industrial growth.

What was the Enclosure Movement?

The process where wealthy landowners fenced off common lands to create more efficient farms, displacing small farmers and pushing them into cities for factory work.

What dangers did workers face in factories?

Accidents with machinery, exposure to toxic substances, long working hours, and poor living conditions.

What roles did children play in factory work?

Children worked at very young ages in dangerous conditions for long hours, many dying due to harsh conditions.

What were some positive results of industrialization?

Created jobs, increased wealth for some, more manufacturing, population growth, improved sanitation, and the rise of labor unions.

What is urbanization and how did industrialization affect cities?

Urbanization is the process of people moving to cities. Industrialization caused cities to grow, leading to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and slums.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, and why there?

The Industrial Revolution began in England due to a sufficient workforce, abundant resources like coal and iron, land, capital, and labor.

What are the factors of production?

Land, labor, and capital.

What is the purpose of labor unions?

Labor unions advocate for better working conditions, pay, and benefits for workers.

What were labor strikes?

Protests where workers collectively stop working to demand better wages, conditions, or hours.

What is communism, and who was Karl Marx?

Communism is an economic system advocating for social and economic equality. Karl Marx co-wrote The Communist Manifesto and believed workers would eventually overthrow capitalist systems.

What is capitalism, and who was Adam Smith?

Capitalism is an economic system where production is privately owned and aimed at making profit. Adam Smith was the father of capitalism, advocating for free markets in The Wealth of Nations.

What does laissez-faire mean?

An economic philosophy that advocates minimal government intervention in business and trade.

How did European industrialization affect the rest of the world?

It led to increased global trade, rise of colonialism, and exploitation of non-industrialized nations for resources and labor.

What was imperialism?

A policy where a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, and socially.

Why were Europeans driven to imperialize other parts of the world?

Economic growth, rivalry between nations, and a belief in moral superiority (often justified by Social Darwinism).

What was the Berlin Conference and what were its goals?

A meeting where European nations laid down rules for dividing Africa, without the involvement of African leaders, making it an unfair process.

Which two African nations remained independent by the early 1900s, and why?

Ethiopia and Liberia; Ethiopia maintained independence due to its strong military, while Liberia remained free due to its strategic importance as a colony for freed American slaves.

What was Social Darwinism, and how did it relate to imperialism?

The belief that certain races are superior to others, which was used to justify imperialism as European powers believed they had the right to dominate 'inferior' nations.

Why was Africa vulnerable to imperialism?

Due to nationalism, the demand for raw materials, the belief in the 'White Man's Burden,' and ideas of ethnic superiority.

What territories did Britain, Belgium, and France control in Africa?

Britain: Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Sudan. Belgium: The Congo. France: Algeria, Tunisia, and much of West Africa.

What was a 'sphere of influence' in the context of imperialism?

A region where a foreign power claims exclusive investment or trade rights, without direct territorial control.

What were the Opium Wars and why were they fought?

Conflicts between China and Britain over Britain's opium trade in China, with China wanting to stop the trade, while Britain insisted on continuing.

What was the Sepoy Mutiny in India, what sparked it, and what were the results?

A rebellion by Indian soldiers against British rule, sparked by the introduction of rifle cartridges believed to be greased with animal fat; it was unsuccessful but fueled the Indian independence movement.

What was the British East India Company and why did it matter?

A trading company that controlled much of India, leading to British imperial control and exploitation of Indian resources.

What is one political, cultural, and economic result of industrialization on Europe?

Political: Rise of labor movements; Cultural: Shift from rural to urban lifestyles; Economic: Increased production, creating wealth for industrialists but also increasing inequality.

Describe 3 effects of imperialism on Africa.

Political: Africa was divided into artificial borders, leading to political instability; Economic: Resources were exploited for European benefit; Cultural: Traditional cultures were suppressed, and European languages and customs imposed.