Cytology

Zarcharias Jansen (late 1500s)

He built the first compound microscope that was capable of magnifying up to 9 times.

Galileo (early 1600s)

He improved upon the microscope by increasing the magnifying capability to 30 times and also by improving the focusing ability.

Robert Hooke (mid 1600s)

He improved the microscope and examined slices of cork. He saw boxes and called them cells.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1670's)

He improved upon the microscope by increasing the magnification to 270 times. He viewed water, red blood cells(RBC), bacteria, yeast, and sperm from humans and dogs.

Ernst Ruska and Dr. Max Knoll (1933)

They invented the electron microscope which created a lens of a magnetic field and electric current. This allowed a magnification of 500,000 times and a much greater resolution.

What did Robert Hooke do?

He coined the name cell after viewing a cork.

What did Robert Brown do?

He discovered the structure in the middle of the cell and called it a nucleus.

What did Schleidan and Schwann do?

They stated that all plants and animals are made up of cells.

What did Rudolf Virchow do?

He discovered that all cells come from other cells.

What is the first part of the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells

What is the second part of the cell theory?

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things

What is the third part of the cell theory?

All cells come from pre-existing cells

What is the fourth part of the cell theory?

Cells contain hereditary material that gets passed down to their offspring.

What is the hereditary material?

DNA

What is the first exception to the cell theory?

Viruses are not considered to be living because they can't reproduce on their own.

What is the second exception to the cell theory?

Some organelles have their own DNA and can reproduce on their own. For example; mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What is the third exception to the cell theory?

Where the first cell came from.

what are the 2 main types of cells?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

a. they do NOT contain a nucleus
b. They do NOT contain membrane bound organelles.
c. they are unicellular
d. They have genetic material in the center of the cell

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

a. they have a nucleus
b. they have membrane bound organelles
c. they are unicellular and multicellular
d. they have genetic material in the nucleus of the cell.

What is the cell/plasma membrane made up of?

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded so it can do its job.

What is the job of the cell/plasma membrane?

The cell/plasma membrane is selective permeable. This means it allows certain substances in and out of the cell.

What is cytoplasm?

The fluid in a cell that allows for the transportation if molecules within the cell.

What is the nucleus?

Located in the center of a cell, the nucleus contains the DNA or genetic information that controls the cells activties.

What is the nucleolus?

A structure inside the nucleus, the nucleolus synthesizes rRNA which is needed to produce proteins in the cell.

What is the mitochondria?

Uses oxygen and glucose to produce an energy rich molecule called ATP.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

"Roadway" within a cell. Transports proteins and other substances through the cell. There is smooth (no ribosomes) and rough (ribosomes on top)

What is the ribosome?

Found on the endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the cytoplasm. Proteins are made on top of the ribosomes.

What is the golgi complex?

Looks like "pancake." Package, process, and secretes proteins.

Cilia

Hair-like structures on the cells that are found all over the cell. Needed for movement for the cell.

Flagella

A tail-like structure. Needed for movement for the cell.

Where is the lysosome found?

In only animal cells

What are lysosomes?

They contain digestive enzymes to break down and remove excess or warn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

What is a vacuole?

Stores food, water, and waste. Plants have one large one and animal cells have many small ones.

Where are centrioles found?

Only found in animal cells.

What is a centriole?

They are a pair of rod shape structures whose job is to aid in cell reproduction/divide (when cells divide to make more)

Where is the cell wall found?

In plant cells only.

What is the cell wall?

It is made up of cellulose. It gives a plant cell its structure.

Where is chloroplast found?

They contain the pigment called chlorophyll which allows for photosynthesis to occur. Glucose is produced as a result.

What is the cell membrane?

The cell/plasma membrane is a boundary between the cell and its environment.

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

The plasma membrane is made up of a lipid bi-layer.

What many layers is that?

2 layers of fat

What is embedded in it?

Proteins are embedded in it.

What is selectively permeable?

Selectively permeable is allowing certain molecules to enter the cell while keeping other molecules out.

Why would the membrane need to do that?

Molecules need to enter the cell and molecules needs to leave the cell.

What is the process used to maintain homeostasis within a cell?

Diffusion.