GCSE History Medicine Through Time + Western Front

Who invented and what were the four humours?

Hippocrates blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

What was the theory of opposites and who invented it?

Galen. Every imbalance of the humours was linked to a symptom. e.x runny nose associated with increase of phlegm. Treat this with warm drinks to "cancel out" cold of winter.

What were the four main ideas for causes of disease in the middle ages?

Miasma, Astrology, Four Humours, God and religious reasons.

What were some treatments and preventions during the middle ages?

Colourful flowers, herbs, nice smells, cleaning and overall hygiene to stop Miasma. Urine charts done by physicians. Attempting to balance the humours by bloodletting and leeching.
Praying constantly.
Regimen Sanitatis, basic instructions from physician to stay healthy, included hygiene and eating healthily, only rich could afford.

How many hospitals were built by 1500 in England and who ran them?

1.5K, Ran by Church, nuns and monks.

How long did a medical degree take in the middle ages?

7

Why did people use apothecaries?

They sold herbal remedies and were much cheaper than physicians.

How did the monks and nuns treat their patients?

Regularly changed their bed sheets, fed healthy food. Idea of "care not cure" However people with contagious diseases weren't allowed in.

Who ran universities in the middle ages?

The Church

Whilst physicians trained at University, who's work did they have to read/memorise and which book in particular?

Galen. The Articella.

What was dissection like in the medieval period?

Very rare, If it did happen. One of Galen's books was always present.

What did Barber surgeons do?

They very skilled at amputating, removing arrow heads or setting broken limbs.

What year did the Black Death arrive in England.

1347

What were the ideas around the cause of the Black Death?

Miasma, Punishment from God, A rare alignment of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Anti

What were some ideas about prevention of the Black Death?

Flagellants, Prayers, pilgrimages, relics, king's touch, Carrying a sweet smelling flower. Infected people quarantined for 40 days by government.

What does the word renaissance mean and what changed overall in the renaissance?

Rebirth. Humanism.Period of time when people started to discover a love for knowledge, science and culture.

R

INDIVIDUAL: Thomas Sydenham

R

INDIVIDUAL The Royal Society

What year was the printing press created and by who and what did it do?

1440 by Gutenberg, meant books and text could be mass produced, ideas from foreign countries could get to England. New ideas and theories can spread faster.

What did Henry VIII do in the Renaissance which had a massive effect on medicine?

Dissolved the monasteries, lessened power of Catholic Church.

R

INDIVIDUALS: Vesalius

What year did Vesalius publish The Fabric of the Human Body?

1543

R

INDIVIDUALS:Harvey

What book did Harvey publish and what year?

An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart (1628)

What were some changes and continuity about disease in the Renaissance?

Much better understanding of human body thanks to Vesalius and Harvey. However people still believed Astrology could cause disease and still wore charms during epidemics.

What year did the Great Plague reach London?

1665

How many deaths were recorded in London due to the Great plague and what percentage of London died?

70,000 but it is estimated over 100,000 actually. 15

What percentage of people who contracted smallpox died?

30%

What year did Jenner inoculate a young boy and what was his name?

1796, James Phipps.

What year did Jenner publish his book and what was it called?

An inquiry into the causes and effects of the Variola Vaccinae. 1798

What book did Pasteur publish and what year?

Germ Theory 1861

I

INDIVIDUAL What did Pasteur disprove and how?

I

INIVDUAL What did Koch do?

How did Koch help future scientists?

Used his methods to discover bacteria for diphtheria and meningitis.

What year did the British government make inoculation a crime and what year did they make vaccination compulsory?

1840, 52.

What year was smallpox eradicated worldwide?

1979

What was the main idea for government in the idea in the Industrial age?

Laissez

What did Chadwick do in 1842?

Wrote his 'Report on the Sanitary conditions of the labouring classes' showed that poorer people were more likely to die from disease than the rich because of conditions and hygiene.

Which public health act was a bit crappy?

1848, wasn't highly enforced.

Which public health act was a proper POG CHAMP and why?

1875, City authorities forced to provide clean water and sewers, employ public health officers, insure high quality house was built and check food quality in shop.

What war did Nightingale go to and what year?

1854: Crimean War.

What did Nightingale do in the Crimean war?

Demanded floor was regularly scrubbed, Clean bedding and good meals provided.

What was the drop in death rate after Nightingale introduced her measures in the Crimean war?

40%

What books did Nightingale write?

Notes on Nursing, Notes on Hospitals

What style of hospital did Nightingale campaign for?

Pavillion style. more air flow and separation of patients based on disease.

What year did Simpson discover Chloroform?

1847

What was the name of the girl that died from Chloroform and what year did she die?

Hannah Greener, 1848

Who did what with chicken cholera bacteria and what year?

Pasteur

Who developed the vaccine for tetanus an diphtheria and in what year?

Von Behring 1890

What year did Queen Elizabeth use chloroform and what was the name of the prince?

1853, Prince Leopold

Why did the church oppose chloroform?

They thought that it was a sin to try and avoid pain.

Who was Lister inspired by? What did he discover could be used as an antiseptic and why did he discover this? What year did he start doing this?

Pasteur's Germ Theory. Carbolic Acid. He saw it used to treat sewage and eliminate bad smells. 1865

What were the three things that Lister did with the Carbolic Acid?

Washed hands, Soaked ligatures, Sprayed it in the operating theatre.

What were some reasons Lister faced opposition?

Some surgeons personally disliked him, found carbolic acid hard to work with. Some were still resistant to Germ Theory.

By what year was antiseptic surgery replaced and by what?

Aseptic Surgery 1900

What did the death rate drop from after carbolic acid started being used?

45% to 15%

What year was the Soho epidemic of Cholera and Snow's hero story?

1854

What was the name of the street that had the pump Snow destroyed?

Broad Street

What was the main problem with Snow's findings?

He couldn't prove them, Pasteur's Germ Theory had not yet been published so it was believed even after he broke the Broad Street pump, Miasma was the cause.

What year was the discovery of the structure of DNA?

1953

What kind of microscopes were Watson and Crick equipped with?

Electron Microscopes

Who took the first X

Ray photograph of DNA and what year?

What did Franklin's X

Ray photograph allow Watson and Crick to do?

What years were the Human Genome Project?

1990

How many books would have been needed to get all the information for the Human Genome Project?

80,000 New use of communications and computers.

What is the definition of a magic bullet and who were they inspired by?

A chemical compound that can kill specific disease bacteria. Koch's discovery of a dye that could stain microbes.

What was the first magic bullet and give a brief description of it?

Salvarsan 606
Ehrlich attempting to test compounds to find a cure for syphilis in 1907.
Hata re

What was the second magic bullet and give a description of it?

Prontosil
1932, Domagk discovered Prontosil cured blood poisoning in mice.
Tested on his daughter when she caught blood poisoning and it worked.
Parisian scientists identified the elements of Prontosil that worked.
Led to magic bullets for lots of other diseases.

What year did Fleming discover Penicillin?

1928

What year did Florey and Chain discover Fleming's work?

1940

What year did Florey and Chain prove Penicillin worked on a patient with blood poisoning?

1941

What did the American government do with Penicillin?

Funded 21 pharmaceutical companies to mass produce Penicillin in 1943.

How many doses of Penicillin were there on D

Day?

What year was the national insurance act and what was the problem with it?

1911, only covered working men, not women, children or the unemployed.

What year was the Beveridge report published?

1942

What year was the NHS created?

1948

Who destroyed the opposition from Doctors?

Nye Bevan

What percentage of people with Lung cancer previously smoked?

85%

What year was smoking banned in all workplaces?

2007

What year was advertising tobacco banned?

2005

What are the three main ways for doctors to treat lung cancer?

Lung Transplants
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

What year were X

Rays created and by who?

How many times more dangerous were X

rays in WW1 compared to now?

What were the three main issues with X

Rays?

Who discovered the use of different blood groups and when?

Landsteiner 1901

Who carried out the first successful blood transfusion and when?

Ottenburg 1907

1st Battle of Ypres 1914

50,000 British soldiers lost.
Access to the Sea.

2nd Battle of Ypres 1915

German attack on Ypres
First use of gas (chlorine) by Germans
59,000 British losses.

Battle of the Somme 01/07 1916

20,000 dead on first day.
400,000 casualties by November.

Arras 1917

Tunnels were built underground. (2.5 miles).
Room for 25,000 men.
Underground hospital.
Lost 160,000 British soldiers.

3rd Battle of Ypres 1915 (Passchendaele)

Extreme mud some men drowned.
245,000 British casualties.

1917 Cambrai

Nearly 500 Tanks used to cross no

How was trench foot dealt with?

Keeping feet dry and regularly changing socks.

What was trench fever found to be caused by?

1918 Lice.

How many British soldiers died from Gas and when were gas masks given to all British soldiers?

6,000, 1915.

What were the three types of gas used?

Chlorine, Phosgene, Mustard

Regimental Aid Post

Very close to front line.
Stretcher bearers and first aiders.
Main aim to get men back fighting
Couldn't deal with serious injuries.

Dressing Stations

Quite close to Front line.
Usually in abandoned buildings.
Staffed by 10 medical officers from RAMC.

Casualty Clearing Stations

In abandoned buildings.
Quite far but accessible.
Sorted into triage

What was triage sorting?

Walking wounded, In need of hospital, No chance of recovery.